A bolt, all these besides bolt are a combo of simple machines
A. a bicycle chain is an example of a compound machine
So momentum is just velocity times mass, this means Momentum = Velocity x Mass.
We can rearrange this to be Velocity = Momentum/Mass.
Since we know momentum and mass we can now solve.
Velocity = 264/(45+2.5)
= 5.56 m/s
The first one is the light bends sheikh is known as refraction