Answer:
Explanation:
THE PHOTOCHEMICAL(LIGHT) REACTIONS :This is a phase of photosynthesis where sunlight is used as a source of energy to manufacture two chemical compounds which are "Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate"-NADPH and "Adenosine triphosphate"-ATP.This phase of photosynthesis involves 4 steps or reactions which are :
STEP 1 : Activation or Energization of chlorophyll - In this reaction,chlorophyll molecules in green algae or plants absorb sunlight and become activated,that is the electrons of the chlorophyll molecule acquire solar energy and become excited.
STEP 2 : PHOTOLYSIS OF WATER - Here the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules are used to split water molecules into H+ ions and OH-- ions.
STEP 3:Formation of NADPH -The hydrogen ions (H+) produced reacts with an NADP ( an electron carrier in the chlorophyll) to form NADPH.
STEP 4: FORMATION OF ATP - The high energy generated from the electron transfer process or chain is used to add a phosphate group to ADP (Adenosine dphosphate) to form ATP.
DARK PHASE :In this phase of photosynthesis,the NADPH generated in the light phase is used as a reducing equivalent to reduce CO2 to form Glucose (food) using the ATP generated as a source of energy.
Yes he was a pillar in the early church
Alkaline battery are a type of primary battery dependent upon the reaction between zinc metal and manganese dioxide.
The alkaline battery gets its name because it has an alkaline electrolyte of potassium hydroxide, instead of the acidic ammonium chloride or zinc chloride electrolyte of the zinc-carbon batteries.
Answer:
A reaction is non-spontaneous at any temperature when the Gibbs free energy > 0.
Explanation:
There is a state function, that determines if a reaction is sponaneous or non spontaneous:
ΔG = Gibbs free energy
A reaction is non spontaneous when it does require energy to produce that reaction. It will be spontaneous, when the reaction does not require energy to be occured.
The formula is: ΔG = ΔH - T.ΔS
ΔH → Enthalpy → Energy gained or realeased as heat.
ΔH < 0 → <em>Exothermic reaction. Spontaneity is favored
</em>
T → Temperature
ΔS → Entropy → Degree of disorder of a system.
When the system has a considered disorder ΔS > 0, disorder increases.
When the system is more ordered, ΔS < 0, disorder decreases.
The reaction will be non spontaneous if, the enthalpy is positive (endothermic reaction) and the ΔS < 0 (disorder decreases). It will not occur if we do not give energy.
ΔG < 0 → Spontaneous reaction
ΔG > 0 → Non spontaneous reaction
ΔG = 0 → System in equilibrium
