To solve this problem it is necessary to apply the concepts related to Kepler's second law and the conservation of angular momentum.
Kepler's second law tells us that the vector radius that unites a planet and the sun sweeps equal areas at equal times, that is, when the planet is farther from the sun, the speed at which it travels is less than when it is close to the sun.
The angular momentum is defined as
Where,
m= mass
r = Radius
v = Velocity
For conservation of angular momentum
Therefore the corresponding distance at apogee is 
Answer:
Rate = k[aryl halide][nucleophile]
Explanation:
The simple aryl halides are almost inert to usual nucleophilic reagents but considerable activation on the ring can be produced by the addition of strongly electron-attracting substituents on either the ortho or para positions, or both. These groups deactivate the ring to allow the attack of the nucleophille on the ring.
Thus, these reactions can occur by following addition-elimination mechanism in which the nucleophille first attacks the aryl halide and then the elimination of the leaving group takes place.
<u>Kinetic studies of this type of mechanism demonstrate that the reactions are of second-order kinetics– first order w.r.t. nucleophile and also, first-order w.r.t. aromatic substrate. The rate determining step (r.d.s.) is the formation of the addition intermediate.</u>
Thus,
<u>Rate = k[aryl halide][nucleophile]</u>
14. The Aurora is an incredible light show caused by collisions between electrically charged particles released from the sun that enter the earth's atmosphere and collide with gases such as oxygen and nitrogen. The lights are seen around the magnetic poles of the northern and southern hemispheres.
15.
About 5.4 billion years from now, the sun will have exhausted all of its hydrogen. The sun's core will get really hot and dense, thus shrinking; however, the outer region of the sun will expand and grow. ... Even if the expanding dying sun doesn't reach Earth, the sun's high temperatures will completely burn the planet.
