Answer:
The oxidation state of the carbon is +4.
Explanation:
Calcium is in group 2 of the periodic table, therefore, its oxidation state is +2.
The oxidation state of the oxygen is -2.
As the compound is neutral, the sum of the oxidation states of all atoms must be 0.
Oxidation State Ca + Oxidation State C + (Oxidation State O)×3 = 0
+2 + x + (-2)×3 = 0
2 + x - 6 = 0
x = 6 -2
x = 4
Hence, the oxidation state of the carbon is +4.
The atoms of chlorine are held together by non-polar covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are formed between two or more atoms having zero or very small electronegativity difference. For homonuclear molecules where the two bonding atom are of the same kind, the electronegativity difference is zero.
In this question, we have to use 3 equations.
E = mcΔT, E = mlf and E = mlv
E is the energy required (in joules), m is the mass, c is the specific heat capacity of water, ΔT is the change in temperature, lf is the specific latent heat of fusion, and lv is the specific latent heat of vaporization.
Since this question requires the change in temperature during the water state, so the first equation is used, and last 2 equations are for finding the energy required to change state (from ice to water and from water to vapor) (in their mp and bp).
For the specific latent heat and heat capacity, generally they should be given for the question, but we can also look it up online since each substance has their own value.
So the first step is to find the amount of energy needed to convert ice at 0°C to water at 0°C. We can use the second equation. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is around 334 J kg^-1
E = mlf
E = 5 x 334
E = 1670 J
Next, we have to find the energy required to heat water at 0°C to 100°C. The specific heat capacity of water is around 4.2 J g^-1 °C^-1.
E = mcΔT
E = 5 x 4.2 x (100-0)
E = 2100 J
Then we have to find the amount of heat required to change water at 100°C to water vapor at 100°C. The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is around 2230 J g^-1.
E = mlv
E = 5 x 2230
E = 11150 J
Therefore, to find the final answer, just add up the 3 values for the total energy required.
1670 + 2100 + 11150
= 14920 J
Your final answer should be 14920 joules.
The big bang did not produce a significant proportion of elements heavier than helium because the temperatures and densities present in the early universe were not sufficient to support the fusion of heavier elements.
During the first few minute of the big bang, the universe was composed of mostly hydrogen and helium, with very small amounts of lithium and beryllium. As the universe expanded and cooled, the denser regions of the universe collapsed to form the first stars. Inside these stars, the intense pressure and heat generated by nuclear fusion reactions allowed for the production of heavier elements, such as carbon and oxygen. However, elements heavier than helium, such as iron and nickel, require even higher temperatures and densities to be produced, which can only be found in the cores of supernovae. Therefore, the big bang alone did not produce a significant proportion of elements heavier than helium.
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