Explanation:
Mixtures
They are formed when two or more substances are simply mixed in any ratio not chemically combined with each other.
Characteristics
- They can be homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature that is the constituents can be seen to have visible boundaries or they may appear to mix thoroughly.
- The Properties of mixtures are same as that of constituents.
- The constituents can be separated by physical methods.
- Their formations do not require or release energy as there is no bond formation or breakage involved.
- The Properties of mixtures like melting point & boiling points are not fixed.
Let us discuss few techniques :
1. Evaporation
For example :To obtain colored component (Dye) from Ink
Materials Required : Watch glass ink (blue/ black) beaker , stand, burner.
Procedure :
- Take a beaker and fill it half with water.
- Take ink (Blue/ black) in the watch glass and place it on the mouth of the beaker
- Start heating the beaker and observe.
- Heating is continued as long as the evaporation is taking place
- Heating is stopped when no any further change can be noticed on the watch glass
Observation:
Evaporation taking place from the watch glass can be seen
Residue is left on the watch glass
Conclusion drawn :
- it can be concluded that ,”Ink is not a pure substance but it is a mixture of dye in water which can easily be separated by evaporation method”.
- Ink is not a single substance
2, Centrifugal method
For example : To separate cream from milk by using centrifuge method.
Materials Required : Full cream milk centrifuging machine/milk churner, jug test-tubes.
Procedure:
- Take un-boiled cold milk in two test-tubes and place these test-tubes in a centrifuging machine
- Centrifuge it at high speed by using a hand centrifuging machine for two minute and observe.
Observation
Cream floating on the milk can be seen.
Conclusion drawn
When milk is rotated at high speed then the suspended lighter particles (fats and protein molecules) bind with each other forming ‘cream’ and ‘skimmed milk’. The cream being lighter floats over the skimmed milk which can be removed easily.
3. Sublimation
For example :To separate a mixture of common salt and ammonium chloride :
Materials Required : China dish, tripod stand mixture of common salt and ammonium chloride glass funnel cotton and burner.
Procedure:
- Take the mixture of sand and ammonium chloride in a china dish.
- Cover the china dish with an inverted glass funnel and place it on a tripod stand.
- Put a loose cotton plug in the opening of the funnel so as to prevent the escape of ammonium chloride vapors.
- Heat the china dish on a low flame and observe.
Observation :
- White fumes (vapors) of ammonium chloride can be seen coming out of the mixture.
- These white fumes start depositing as white solid on coming in contact with the cold, inner walls of the funnel.
- Sand salt is left behind in the china dish.
Conclusion drawn: Ammonium chloride, being a volatile substance , changes into white vapors easily which deposits on the cold inner wall of the funnel. This ammonium chloride obtained is called the