<h3><u>CSMA/CD Protocol:
</u></h3>
Carrier sensing can transmit the data at anytime only the condition is before sending the data sense carrier if the carrier is free then send the data.
But the problem is the standing at one end of channel, we can’t send the entire carrier. Because of this 2 stations can transmit the data (use the channel) at the same time resulting in collisions.
There are no acknowledgement to detect collisions, It's stations responsibility to detect whether its data is falling into collisions or not.
<u>Example:
</u>
, at time t = 10.00 AM, A starts, 10:59:59 AM B starts at time 11:00 AM collision starts.
12:00 AM A will see collisions
Pocket Size to detect the collision.

CSMA/CD is widely used in Ethernet.
<u>Efficiency of CSMA/CD:</u>
- In the previous example we have seen that in worst case
time require to detect a collision.
- There could be many collisions may happen before a successful completion of transmission of a packet.
We are given number of collisions (contentions slots)=4.
Distance = 1km = 1000m

Answer:
16-bit wide
Explanation:
In order to find the width of the address bus, we need first to know how many memory cells it is needed to address.
If the size memory is 64 KB, this means that the memory size, in bytes, is equal to the following quantity:
64 KB = 2⁶ * 2¹⁰ bytes = 2¹⁶ bytes.
In order to address this quantity of cell positions, the address bus must be able to address 2¹⁶ bytes, so it must have 16-bit wide.
Answer:
a) 0.487
b) refrigeration load = 5.46w
c) cop = 2.24
d)ref load max = 12.43kw
Explanation:
Answer:
T=151 K, U=-1.848*10^6J
Explanation:
The given process occurs when the pressure is constant. Given gas follows the Ideal Gas Law:
pV=nRT
For the given scenario, we operate with the amount of the gas- n- calculated in moles. To find n, we use molar mass: M=102 g/mol.
Using the given mass m, molar mass M, we can get the following equation:
pV=mRT/M
To calculate change in the internal energy, we need to know initial and final temperatures. We can calculate both temperatures as:
T=pVM/(Rm); so initial T=302.61K and final T=151.289K
Now we can calculate change of U:
U=3/2 mRT/M using T- difference in temperatures
U=-1.848*10^6 J
Note, that the energy was taken away from the system.
Answer:

Explanation:
In the diagram there three gears in which gear 1 is input gear ,gear 2 is idle gear and gear 3 is out put gear.
Lets take




All external matting gears will rotates in opposite direction with respect to each other.
So the speed of gear third can be given as follows

