The low temperature outside lowers the volume of the gas according to Charles' law because this law describes how a gas will behave at constant pressure. It shows that the volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature provided the pressure remains constant. An increase in temperature leads to an increase in volume while a decrease reduces the volume. This is due to the reduction in the distances traveled by the vibrating particles of the gas because of the lost kinetic energy.
Answer:
Explanation:
(a) Part 1:
reaction. This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which we have two steps. Firstly, chlorine, a good leaving group, leaves the carbon skeleton to form a relatively stable secondary carbocation. This carbocation is then attacked by the hydroxide anion, our nucleophile, to form the final product.
To summarize, this mechanism takes places in two separate steps. The mechanism is attached below.
Part 2:
reaction. This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which we have one step. Our nucleophile, hydroxide, attacks the carbon and then chlorine leaves simultaneously without an intermediate carbocation being formed.
The mechanism is attached as well.
(b) The rate determining step is the slow step. Formation of the carbocation has the greatest activation energy, so this is our rate determining step for
. For
, we only have one step, so the rate determining step is the attack of the nucleophile and the loss of the leaving group.
5CO2 should be in the blank spot.
the reaction would be 7
<u>Answer:</u> The mass defect for the formation of phosphorus-31 is 0.27399
<u>Explanation:</u>
Mass defect is defined as the difference in the mass of an isotope and its mass number.
The equation used to calculate mass defect follows:
![\Delta m=[(n_p\times m_p)+(n_n\times m_n)]-M](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5CDelta%20m%3D%5B%28n_p%5Ctimes%20m_p%29%2B%28n_n%5Ctimes%20m_n%29%5D-M)
where,
= number of protons
= mass of one proton
= number of neutrons
= mass of one neutron
M = mass number of element
We are given:
An isotope of phosphorus which is 
Number of protons = atomic number = 15
Number of neutrons = Mass number - atomic number = 31 - 15 = 16
Mass of proton = 1.00728 amu
Mass of neutron = 1.00866 amu
Mass number of phosphorus = 30.973765 amu
Putting values in above equation, we get:
![\Delta m=[(15\times 1.00728)+(16\times 1.00866)]-30.973765\\\\\Delta m=0.27399](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5CDelta%20m%3D%5B%2815%5Ctimes%201.00728%29%2B%2816%5Ctimes%201.00866%29%5D-30.973765%5C%5C%5C%5C%5CDelta%20m%3D0.27399)
Hence, the mass defect for the formation of phosphorus-31 is 0.27399
The Correct Answer Is 3.2