<h3><u>Full Question:</u></h3>
The following compound has been found effective in treating pain and inflammation (J. Med. Chem. 2007, 4222). Which sequence correctly ranks each carbonyl group in order of increasing reactivity toward nucleophilic addition?
A) 1 < 2 < 3
B) 2 < 3 < 1
C) 3 < 1 < 2
D) 1 < 3 < 2
<h3><u>Answer: </u></h3>
The rate of nucleophilic attack of carbonyl compounds is 2<3 <1.
Option B
<h3><u>Explanation. </u></h3>
Nucleophilic attack is explained as the attack of an electron rich radical to a carbonyl compound like aldehyde or a ketone. A nucleophile has a high electron density, so it searches for a electropositive atom where it can donate a portion of its electron density and become stable.
A carbonyl compound is a 
hybridized carbon atom with a double bonded oxygen atom in it. The oxygen atom pulls a huge portion of electron density from carbon being very electropositive.
In a ketone, there are two factors that make it less likely to undergo a nucleophilic attack than aldehyde. Firstly, the steric hindrance of two carbon groups being attached with the carbonyl carbon makes it harder for the nucleophile to approach. Secondly, the electron push by the carbon groups attached makes the carbonyl carbon a bit less electropositive than the aldehyde one. So aldehydes are more reactive towards a nucleophilic addition reaction.
1) Answer is: c) The reaction will proceed right.
Balanced chemical reaction: N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) ⇄ 2NH₃(g) ΔH = +92 kJ.
Reducing the volume of the system increase the partial pressures of the products and reactants.
With a pressure increase due to a decrease in volume, the side of the equilibrium with fewer moles is more favorable, there are 4 moles at the left side (three moles of hydrogen and one mole of nitrogen) and 2 moles (ammonia) at the right side of the reaction.
2) Answer is: d) The partial pressure of ammonia will increase.
This reaction is endothermic (enthalpy is higher than zero), which means that heat is added.
According to Le Chatelier's principle when the reaction is endothermic heat is included as a reactant and when the temperature increased, the heat of the system increase, so the system consume some of that heat by shifting the equilibrium to the right, producing more ammonia.
Higher temperature = higher energy. In water it is a liquid as the particles have more energy so vibrate and are further away from each other.
Answer:
The 18th-century German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit originally took as the zero of his scale the temperature of an equal ice-salt mixture
Explanation:
The postulates of Dalton's theory were:
1) Elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms
2) <span>Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties
</span>3) <span>Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed</span>
4) Atoms combine in whole number ratio to form compounds
5) Chemical reactions are the rearrangement of atoms
The third postulate has been disproved by modern science, in which the atom has been split and been subdivided into smaller parts such as the neutron, proton and electron, which are further subdivided into quarks, gluons, and kaons.
The second postulate was also disproved upon the discovery of isotopes.
