Answer:
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1. Rapid combustion - <span>used in engines and rockets souring. Large amount of energy produced.
</span>2. R<span>espiration - </span><span>a type of slow combustion. Organic matter is transfered into energy and carbon dioxide.
3. Soaring - a chemical change. A</span>cidification of milk into soured milk.<span>
4. Oxidation - electron loss when combining with another element. Metals gave electrons to nonmetals and became cations.
5. C</span>alcium - element in bone which absorbs X-rays. Calcium increases the photoelectric effect<span> which increase absorption of X-rays.
6. P</span>hotosynthesis reaction in which the product is glucose. Plants produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
What they have in common is that they both have the same number of atoms.
Answer:
a) ammonium ion
b) amide ion
Explanation:
The order of decreasing bond angles of the three nitrogen species; ammonium ion, ammonia and amide ion is NH4+ >NH3> NH2-. Next we need to rationalize this order of decreasing bond angles from the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory perspective.
First we must realize that all three nitrogen species contain a central sp3 hybridized carbon atom. This means that a tetrahedral geometry is ideally expected. Recall that the presence of lone pairs distorts molecular structures from the expected geometry based on VSEPR theory.
The amide ion contains two lone pairs of electrons. Remember that the presence of lone pairs causes greater repulsion than bond pairs on the outermost shell of the central atom. Hence, the amide ion has the least H-N-H bond angle of about 105°.
The ammonia molecule contains one lone pair, the repulsion caused by one lone pair is definitely bless than that caused by two lone pairs of electrons hence the bond angle of the H-N-H bond in ammonia is 107°.
The ammonium ion contains four bond pairs and no lone pair of electrons on the outermost nitrogen atom. Hence we expect a perfect tetrahedron with bond angle of 109°.
Carbon has 4 valence electrons so to gain a noble gas electron configuration, which has 8 valence electrons and is the most electrically stable, carbon needs 4 more electrons.
