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3 years ago

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Calculate the fraction of lattice sites that are Schottky defects for cesium chloride at 573 oC (this temperature is below the m

elting temperature (645oC)). Assume an energy for defect formation of 1.86 eV.

1 answer:

inn [45]3 years ago

6 0

Answer:

$2.9\times 10^{-6}$

Explanation:

$Q_s$ = Energy for defect formation = 1.86 eV

T = Temperature = $573^{\circ}\text{C}=573+273.15=846.15\ \text{K}$

k = Boltzmann constant = $8.62\times 10^{-5}\ \text{eV/K}$

The fraction of lattice sites that are Schottky defects is given by

$\dfrac{N_s}{N}=e^{-\dfrac{Q_s}{2kt}}\\\Rightarrow \dfrac{N_s}{N}=e^{-\dfrac{1.86}{2\times 8.62\times 10^{-5}\times 846.15}}\\\Rightarrow \dfrac{N_s}{N}=2.9\times 10^{-6}$

The required ratio is $2.9\times 10^{-6}$ .

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Water flows through a converging pipe at a mass flow rate of 25 kg/s. If the inside diameter of the pipes sections are 7.0 cm an

ser-zykov [4K]

Answer:

volumetric flow rate = $0.0251 m^3/s$

Velocity in pipe section 1 = $6.513m/s$

velocity in pipe section 2 = 12.79 m/s

Explanation:

We can obtain the volume flow rate from the mass flow rate by utilizing the fact that the fluid has the same density when measuring the mass flow rate and the volumetric flow rates.

The density of water is = 997 kg/m³

density = mass/ volume

since we are given the mass, therefore, the volume will be mass/density

25/997 = $0.0251 m^3/s$

volumetric flow rate = $0.0251 m^3/s$

Average velocity calculations:

<em>Pipe section A:</em>

cross-sectional area =

$\pi \times d^2\\=\pi \times 0.07^2 = 3.85\times10^{-3}m^2$

mass flow rate = density X cross-sectional area X velocity

velocity = mass flow rate /(density X cross-sectional area)

$velocity = 25/(997 \times 3.85\times10^{-3}) = 6.513m/s$

<em>Pipe section B:</em>

cross-sectional area =

$\pi \times d^2\\=\pi \times 0.05^2= 1.96\times10^{-3}m^2$

mass flow rate = density X cross-sectional area X velocity

velocity = mass flow rate /(density X cross-sectional area)

$velocity = 25/(997 \times 1.96\times10^{-3}) = 12.79m/s$

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3 years ago

What are some advantages of the nano ceramic coating for cars with explication

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Answer:

Ceramic coating offers good protection to the car's surface. The nano-coating can protect the car from most scratches, dirt and chemical contaminants. Ceramic coating also doesn't have any side-effects to the original paint. Ceramic coating also lasts longer than regular paint.

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3 years ago

A sample of wastewater is diluted 10 times. The diluted solution has an ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Lo, of 30 mg/L

zzz [600]

Answer:

474.59 mg/L

Explanation:

Given that

BOD = 30 mg/L

Original BOD = 30 mg/L × dilution factor

Original BOD = 30 mg/L × 10 = 300 mg/L

$L_o = \frac{BOD}{1-e^{-5t}}$

here $L_o$ is the ultimate BOD ; BOD is the biochemical oxygen demand ; t = 0.20 /day

$L_o = \frac{300}{1-e^{-5(0.20)}}$

$L_o = 474.59 \ mg/L$

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4 years ago

Calculate the volume of a hydraulic accumulator capable of delivering 5 liters of oil between 180 and 80 bar, using as a preload

Vinil7 [7]

Answer:

1) $V_o = 10 liters$

2) $V_o = 12.26 liters$

Explanation:

For isothermal process n =1

$V_o =\frac{\Delta V}{(\frac{p_o}{p_1})^{1/n} -(\frac{p_o}{p_2})^{1/n}}$

$V_o = \frac{5}{[\frac{72}{80}]^{1/1} -[\frac{72}{180}]^{1/1}}$

$V_o = 10 liters$

calculate pressure ratio to determine correction factor

$\frac{p_2}{p_1} =\frac{180}{80} = 2.25$

correction factor for calculate dpressure ration for isothermal process is

c1 = 1.03

$actual \ volume = c1\times 10 = 10.3 liters$

b) for adiabatic process

n =1.4

volume of hydraulic accumulator is given as

$V_o =\frac{\Delta V}{[\frac{p_o}{p_1}]^{1/n} -[\frac{p_o}{p_2}]^{1/n}}$

$V_o = \frac{5}{[\frac{72}{80}]^{1/1.4} -[\frac{72}{180}]^{1/1.4}}$

$V_o = 12.26 liters$

calculate pressure ratio to determine correction factor

$\frac{p_2}{p_1} =\frac{180}{80} = 2.25$

correction factor for calculate dpressure ration for isothermal process is

c1 = 1.15

$actual \volume = c1\times 10 = 11.5 liters$

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3 years ago

A pin must be inserted into a collar of the same steel using an expansion fit. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal

nirvana33 [79]

Answer:

a) the temperature to which the pin must be cooled for assembly is $T_2 = -101.89^ \ ^0}C$

b) the radial pressure at room temperature after assembly is $P_f = 62.8 \ MPa$

c) the safety factor in the resulting assembly = 6.4

Explanation:

Coefficient of thermal expansion $\alpha = 12.3*10^{-6} \ ^0 C$

Yield strength $\sigma_y$ = 400 MPa

Modulus of elasticity (E) = 209 GPa

Room Temperature $T_1$ = 20°C

outer diameter of the collar $D_o = 95 \ mm$

inner diameter of the collar $D_i = 60 \ mm$

pin diameter $D_p$ = $60.03 \ mm$

Clearance c = 0.06 mm

a)

The temperature to which the pin must be cooled for assembly can be calculated by using the formula:

$(D_i - c )-D_p = \alpha * D_p(T_2-T_1)$

$(60-0.06)-60.03=12.3*10^{-6}*60.03(T_{2}-20^{0}C)$

-0.09 = $7.38369*10^{-4}$ $(T_{2}-20^{0}C)$

-0.09 = $7.38369*10^{-4}T_2$ $\ \ - \ \ 0.01476738$

$-0.09 + 0.01476738$ = $7.38369*10^{-4}T_2$

−0.07523262 = $7.38369*10^{-4}T_2$

$T_2 = \frac{-0.07523262}{7.38369*10^{-4}}$

$T_2 = -101.89^ \ ^0}C$

b)

To determine the radial pressure at room temperature after assembly ;we have:

$P_f = \frac{E * (D_p-D_i)(D_o^2-D_1^2)}{D_i*D_o} \\ \\ \\ P_f = \frac{209*10^9* 0.03(95^2-60^2)}{60*95^2} \\ \\ P_f = 62815789.47 \ Pa \\ \\ P_f = 62.8 \ MPa$

c) the safety factor of the resulting assembly is calculated as:

safety factor = $\frac{Yield \ strength }{walking \ stress}$

safety factor = $\frac{400}{62.8}$

safety factor = 6.4

Thus, the safety factor in the resulting assembly = 6.4

4 0

3 years ago