Answer:
quantum mechanical model: A model of the atom that derives from the Schrödinger wave equation and deals with probabilities. wave function: Give only the probability of finding an electron at a given point around the nucleus. The quantum mechanical model of the atom also uses complex shapes of orbitals (sometimes called electron clouds), volumes of space in which there is likely to be an electron. So, this model is based on probability rather than certainty.
Answer:
For NADH; P:O = 2.5
For FADH
₂; P : O = 1.5
Explanation:
The P:O (phosphate:oxygen) ratio represents the amount of inorganic phosphate, Pi used per atom of oxygen consume to synthesize ATP.
The Chemiosmotic theory predicts H⁺:O and H⁺:ATP ratios. Experimentally these appear to be 10 and 4 respectively when NADH is the substrate, equivalent to a P:O ratio of 2.5, and 6 and 4 respectively for FAD-linked substrates (e.g. succinate), equivalent to a P:O ratio of 1.5.
1. Electron flow from NADH to O₂ pumps protons at three sites to yield 3 ATP (P:O = 2.5)
For NADH: 10 H
⁺ translocated/O (2e
-)
ATP/2e
- = (10 H⁺/ 4 H
+) = 2.5
2. Succinate (via FADH2) bypasses site 1 giving 2 ATP (P : O = 1.5)
For FADH
₂= 6 H
⁺/O(2e
-
)
ATP/2e
- = (6 H
+/ 4 H
+) = 1.5
Answer:
It would increase the final quantity of products
Explanation:
According to the Le- Chatelier principle,
At equilibrium state when stress is applied to the system, the system will behave in such a way to nullify the stress.
The equilibrium can be disturb,
By changing the concentration
By changing the volume
By changing the pressure
By changing the temperature
Consider the following chemical reaction.
Chemical reaction:
2NO₂ ⇄ N₂O₄
In this reaction the equilibrium is disturb by increasing the concentration of reactant.
When the concentration of reactant is increased the system will proceed in forward direction in order to regain the equilibrium. Because when reactant concentration is high it means reaction is not on equilibrium state. As the concentration of NO₂ increased the reaction proceed in forward direction to regain the equilibrium state and more product is formed.
