Answer:
Radiation effects on electrical equipment depend on the equipment and on the type of ionizing radiation to which it is exposed.
First, beta radiation has little, if any, effect on electrical equipment because this type of ionizing radiation is easily shielded. The equipment housing and the construction of the parts within the housing will protect the equipment from beta-radiation (high-energy electrons) exposure.
Gamma radiation is penetrating and can affect most electrical equipment. Simple equipment (like motors, switches, incandescent lights, wiring, and solenoids) is very radiation resistant and may never show any radiation effects, even after a very large radiation exposure. Diodes and computer chips (electronics) are much more sensitive to gamma radiation. To give you a comparison of effects, it takes a radiation dose of about 5 Sv to cause death to most people. Diodes and computer chips will show very little functional detriment up to about 50 to 100 Sv. Also, some electronics can be "hardened" (made to be not affected as much by larger gamma radiation doses) by providing shielding or by selecting radiation-resistant materials.
Some electronics do exhibit a recovery after being exposed to gamma radiation, after the radiation is stopped. But the recovery is hardly ever back to 100% functionality. Also, if the electronics are exposed to gamma radiation while unpowered, the gamma radiation effects are less.
Ionizing radiation breaks down the materials within the electrical equipment. For example, when wiring is exposed to gamma rays, no change is noticed until the wiring is flexed or bent. The wire's insulation becomes brittle and will break and may cause shorts in the equipment. The effect on diodes and computer chips is a bit more complex. The gamma rays disrupt the crystalline nature of the inside of the electronic component. Its function is degraded and then fails as more gamma radiation exposure is received by the electronic component.
Gamma rays do not affect the signals within the device or the signals received by the device. Nonionizing radiation (like radio signals, microwaves, and electromagnetic pulses) DO mess with the signals within and received by the device. I put a cheap electronic game in my microwave oven at home. It arced and sparked and was totally ruined. I didn’t waste any more of my time playing that game.
Hope this helps.
Explanation:
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If you look closely at each of the four diagrams you would be able to conclude that
<span>D)
Yes. In B and D. In both cases, there is a net force.
In B, there is a net force to the left; in D there is a net force upward.
In A and C, the forces are in equilibrium both in the horizontal and vertical direction.</span>
Water and hydrogen peroxide are different compounds although they have the same kind of atoms. The molecular formula of water is H2O (two atoms of oxygen chemically bonded to one atom of oxygen). The molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2, (each atom of oxygen is chemical bonded to one atom of H and other atom of O). So,<span> the presence of different chemical bonds leads to different products with different chemical properties.</span><span />
Explanation:
A. lithium hydroxide =LiOH
B. sodium cyanide =NaCN
C. Magnesium nitrate = Mg(NO3)2
D. Barium sulfate = BaSO4
E. Aluminum nitride = AlN
F. Potassium phosphate = KH2PO4
G. Ammonium bromide = NH4Br
H.Calcium carbonate = CaCO3
.A solution that serves as a pH indicator may be made using red cabbage, which is frequently available in homes. In essence, the color of the cabbage depends on the acidity of the solution and a pigment molecule called flavin or anthocyanin.
To determine whether a material is an acid or a base, red cabbage indicator is a purple-colored solution
Vinegar is an acid and its pH value is less than 7 and hence
Red color is produced
Baking soda is base and its pH value is greater than 7 and between 8-9
and the color produced is sky blue
Bleach is the green which is also a basic and because the pH value is 10-11
Householder cleaner is having pH 11-13 which is basic and hence the yellow is the color of household cleaner .
A basic solution goes away from being basic and toward the center of the pH scale when an acid is introduced. The base is "neutralized" in this manner.
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