If you follow the octet rule, you know that an element must have 8 outside (or valence) electrons to be energetically favorable.
In CCl4, the carbon molecule forms four bonds; one for each chlorine atom. Each bond contains 2 electrons, so it is satisfied.
In PCl3, Phosphorous forms only 3 bonds with chlorine, which means in order to have 8 valence electrons, it also has a lone pair of electrons, not bonded with chlorine.
Now, in CCl4, picture the shape of the molecule like a plus sign, with the carbon in the middle and the chlorine at the four ends. It is symmetrical, and therefore is nonpolar.
In PCl3, the lone pair electrons <em>push</em>, so to speak, the 3 chlorine atoms away, making a T-shaped molecule. Since the chlorine is more electronegative than carbon, the molecule is unbalenced, making it polar.
Answer:
520 kg
Explanation:
Let's consider the combustion of isooctane.
C₈H₁₈(l) + 12.5 O₂(g) → 8 CO₂(g) + 9 H₂O(l)
We can establish the following relations:
- 1 mL of C₈H₁₈ has a mass of 0.690 g (ρ = 0.690 g/mL).
- The molar mass of C₈H₁₈ is 114.22 g/mol.
- The molar ratio of C₈H₁₈ to O₂ is 1:12.5.
- The mole fraction of O₂ in air is 0.21.
- The molar mass of air is 28.96 g/mol.
50 L of isooctane require the following mass of air.
It helps shape and create the study of electromagnetism
Answer:
The amount of electrons in each atom of the element
Explanation:
