The independent variable is the variable being changed. In this case, the independent variable is the calculators. The dependent variable is essentially what you are looking for that <u>depends</u> on the independent variable. In this case it would be time. The constant variable or controlled variable are something that doesn't change and would skew the results. One may be the exact same problem for both groups. Try to come up with two more.
In this case, for a concentration of 0.42 M of benzoic acid whose Ka is 6.3x10⁻⁵ in 0.33 M sodium benzoate, we use the Henderson-Hasselbach equation to compute the required pH:
Whereas the concentration of the base is 0.33 M and the concentration of the acid is 0.42 M, thereby, we obtain: