3. How much energy is needed to raise 45 grams of water from 40°C to 115 °C?
1 answer:
Answer:
Q = 114349.5 J
Explanation:
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In this case, since this a problem in which we need to calculate the total heat of the described process, it turns out convenient to calculate it in three steps; the first one, associated to the heating of the liquid water from 40 °C to 100 °C, next the vaporization of liquid water to steam at constant 100 °C and finally the heating of steam from 100 °C to 115 °C. In such a way, we calculate each heat as shown below:
Thus, the total energy turns out to be:
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<u>Answer:</u> The ion that is expected to have a larger radius than the corresponding atom is chlorine.
<u>Explanation:</u>
There are two types of ions:
- <u>Cations:</u> They are formed when an atom looses its valence electrons. They are positive ions.
- <u>Anions:</u> They are formed when an atom gain electrons in its outermost shell. They are negative ions.
For positive ions, the removal of electron increases the nuclear charge for an outermost electron because the outermost electrons are more strongly attracted by the nucleus. So, the effective nuclear charge increases for cations and thus, the size of the cation will be smaller than that of the corresponding atom.
For negative ions, the addition of electron decreases the nuclear charge for an outermost electron because the outermost electrons are less strongly attracted by the nucleus. So, the effective nuclear charge decreases for anions and thus, the size of the anion will be larger than that of the corresponding atom.
For the given options:
<u>Option a:</u> Chlorine
Chlorine gains 1 electron and form ion
<u>Option b:</u> Sodium
Sodium looses 1 electron and form ion
<u>Option c:</u> Copper
Copper looses 2 electrons and form ion
<u>Option d:</u> Strontium
Strontium looses 2 electrons and form ion
Hence, the ion that is expected to have a larger radius than the corresponding atom is chlorine.