Moles of electrons:
The moles of electrons that are transferred are 12F
A balanced equation:
2 moles of Aluminium metal react with excess copper(II) nitrate.
Given:
Moles of Aluminium = 2
As Aluminium goes from 0 to +3 oxidation state
And copper goes from +2 to 0
On balancing the number of electrons we get:
For 1 mole of Al 
is required.
Therefore for 2 moles of Al,
Total 
F mole of electrons
Where F= Faraday's constant= 96500 C
So, 12F moles of electrons are transferred.
Learn more about Faraday's Law here,
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The sodium-potassium pump does not run out of ions since ion exchange is essential for the action potential to take place and to maintain homeostasis.
The cell has variable concentrations of different substances compared to the environment that surrounds it, with significant differences with sodium and potassium.
- The main function of the sodium-potassium pump is to maintain homeostasis of the intracellular medium, controlling the concentrations of these two ions.
- In order to carry out the adequate exchange of sodium and potassium ions in the extra and intracellular medium, the cells need an active transport process that is carried out thanks to the sodium potassium pump.
- This process is needed for the maintenance and functioning of cells, and it is essential for the action potential to be executed, necessary for the transmission of electrical impulses from neuron to neuron.
Therefore, we can conclude that the sodium potassium pump produces an exchange of potassium ions for sodium ions which keeps the cellular system functioning properly.
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Positron emission = emission of a positron and a neutrino when a
proton is convert into a neutron. The total number of particles in the
nucleus doesn't change, -1 proton +1 neutron
It's a spontaneous reaction for some nucleus.
eg:
Positron = e+
Neutrino=ve
O-15 --> N-15 + e+ +ve
Electron
capture= A nucleus absorb an electron while a proton is convert in a
neutron and emit a neutrino. The total number of particles in the
nucleus doesn't change, -1 proton +1 neutron
eg:
Al-26 +e- --> Mg-26 + ve
Electron
capture and positron emission are two mechanisms to explain the decay
of some unstable isotopes. Electron capture is usually observed when the
energy difference between the initial and final state is low. Mainly
because of the larger amount of kinetic energy need for the expulsion
two particles with the positron emission mechanism.
Answer:
allows the atoms of different elements to bond together to form new substances
