Answer: 1+
Justification:
The ionization energies tell the amount of energy needed to release an electron and form a ion. The first ionization energy if to loose one electron and form the ion with oxidation state 1+, the second ionization energy is the energy to loose a second electron and form the ion with oxidation state 2+, the third ionization energy is the energy to loose a third electron and form the ion with oxidation state 3+.
The low first ionization energy of element 2 shows it will lose an electron relatively easily to form the ion with oxidations state 1+.
The relatively high second ionization energy (and third too) shows that it is very difficult for this atom to loose a second electron, so it will not form an ions with oxidation state 2+. Furthermore, given the relatively high second and third ionization energies, you should think that the oxidation states 2+ and 3+ for element 2 never occurs.
Therefore, the expected oxidation state for the most common ion of element 2 is 1+.
Answer:
Ribosome, Hexokinase, Glucose, CO2.
Ribosomes are proteins that sintetize the proteins in the cell, depending of the organism, the can size up to 30 nm. Hexokinase is an enzyme that measures approximately 50 kDa, and in its spatial conformation it sizes about 5 to 6 nm in diameter. Glucose is a molecule that sizes about 1 nm, and CO2 is another molecule that sizes 0.232 nm.
The freezing point is 18° C
Nh4cl is sometimes preferred instead of hcl or h2so4 for "acid" work-up after grignard reactions, particularly when the expected and desired product is a tertiary alcohol because NH4+ is a much milder acid than HCl or H2SO4, which achieve the protonation of
the oxyanion to yield the alcohol while minimizing the risk of dehydration.
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is the used as reagent that quenches the magnesium alkoxide product of the Grignard addition.
It is a proton source without being acidic as in acidic medium the protonation of the tertiary alcohol product and elimination to the alkene.
In the presence of HCl or any other strong acid protonation proceed and form alkene but not with ammonium chloride.
Thus from above we concluded that Nh4cl is preferred instead of hcl or h2so4 for "acid" work-up after grignard reactions.
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