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Answer:
1.25 focal lengths
Explanation:
The lens equation states that:

where
f is the focal length
p is the object distance
q is the image distance
In this problem, the image is 4 times as far from the lens as is the object: this means that

If we substitute this into the lens equation and we rearrange it, we get

so, the object distance measured in focal lengths is
1.25 focal lenghts
Answer: I0*0.853
Explanation:
Ok, the Malus's law says that:
If you have light polarized along a given line with an intensity I0, and it passes through a polaroid which axis of polarization forms an angle θ with respect to the polarization of the light, then the intensity of the resulting beam is:
I(θ) = I0*cos^2(θ)
For example, if the axis of the polaroid is exactly the same as the axis of polarization of the light beam that will impact it, then we have θ = 0°, and the equation above says that the intensity of the beam will not change.
In this particular case, we have that the intensity of the light is I0, and the angle is θ = 22.5°
Then:
I(22.5°) = I0*cos^2(22.5°) = I0*0.853
The volkswagon experiences a greater force as it was hit by a larger object that had a larger mass than itself