1. Answer: components
A two dimensional vector can be divided into two parts called horizontal component and vertical component.
A three dimensional vector can be divided into three components: one along x-axis, one along y-axis and one along z-axis.
Hence, the vector parts that add up to the resultant are called components.
2. Answer: 5 miles.
The resultant distance along the straight line from the starting point to the end point would be the displacement.
The displacement would be equal to the magnitude of the hypotenuse formed in the right triangle.
Displacement, 
3. Answer: Scalar
A scalar quantity has only magnitude. For example, speed and distance are scalar quantities and can be normally added to find the total.
A vector quantity has both magnitude as well as direction. The components are summed according to vector addition rules. For example, velocity, acceleration, force etc.
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Answer:
a) 
b) 
c) 
d)
would be the same.
would decrease.
would be the same.
Explanation:
a) On an inclined plane the force of gravity is the sine component of the weight of the block.

b) The friction force is equal to the normal force times coefficient of friction.

c) The work done by the normal force is zero, since there is no motion in the direction of the normal force.
d) The relation between the vertical height and the distance on the ramp is

According to this relation, the work done by the gravity wouldn't change, since the force of gravity includes a term of
.
The work done by the friction force would decrease, because both the cosine term and the distance on the ramp would decline.
The work done by the normal force would still be zero.
Period = (1/frequency) .
If frequency is 100 per second, then
Period = (1) / (100 per second) = 0.01 second .