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oksano4ka [1.4K]
3 years ago
12

Why is pseudoscience bad?

Physics
1 answer:
USPshnik [31]3 years ago
8 0

Answer:

It is quite difficult to picture a pseudoscientist—really picture him or her over the course of a day, a year, or a whole career. What kind or research does he or she actually do, what differentiates him or her from a carpenter, or a historian, or a working scientist? In short, what do such people think they are up to?

… it is a significant point for reflection that all individuals who have been called “pseudoscientists” have considered themselves to be “scientists”, with no prefix.

The answer might surprise you. When they find time after the obligation of supporting themselves, they read papers in specific areas, propose theories, gather data, write articles, and, maybe, publish them. What they imagine they are doing is, in a word, “science”. They might be wrong about that—many of us hold incorrect judgments about the true nature of our activities—but surely it is a significant point for reflection that all individuals who have been called “pseudoscientists” have considered themselves to be “scientists”, with no prefix.

What is pseudoscience?

“Pseudoscience” is a bad category for analysis. It exists entirely as a negative attribution that scientists and non‐scientists hurl at others but never apply to themselves. Not only do they apply the term exclusively as a discrediting slur, they do so inconsistently. Over the past two‐and‐a‐quarter centuries since the term popped into the Western European languages, a great number of disparate doctrines have been categorized as sharing a core quality—pseudoscientificity, if you will—when in fact they do not. It is based on this diversity that I refer to such beliefs and theories as “fringe” rather than as “pseudo”: Their defining characteristic is the distance from the center of the mainstream scientific consensus in whichever direction, not some essential property they share.

Scholars have by and large tended to ignore fringe science as regrettable sideshows to the main narrative of the history of science, but there is a good deal to be learned by applying the same tools of analysis that have been used to understand mainstream science. This is not, I stress, to imply that there is no difference between hollow‐Earth theories and geophysics; on the contrary, the differences are the point of the analysis. Focusing on the historical and conceptual relationship between the fringe and the core of the various sciences as that blurry border has fluctuated over the centuries provides powerful analytical leverage for understanding where contemporary anti‐science movements come from and how mainstream scientists might address them.

As soon as professionalization blossomed, tagging competing theories as pseudoscientific became an important tool for scientists to define what they understood science to be

The central claim of this essay is that the concept of “pseudoscience” was called into being as the shadow of professional science. Before science became a profession—with formalized training, credentialing, publishing venues, careers—the category of pseudoscience did not exist. As soon as professionalization blossomed, tagging competing theories as pseudoscientific became an important tool for scientists to define what they understood science to be. In fact, despite many decades of strenuous effort by philosophers and historians, a precise definition of “science” remains elusive. It should be noted however that the absence of such definitional clarity has not seriously inhibited the ability of scientists to deepen our understanding of nature tremendously.

Explanation:

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True or False: A change of 1 pH unit represents a tenfold change in the<br> acidity of the solution.
alisha [4.7K]

Answer:

I was also going to ask same question edited:ok i found its true

7 0
3 years ago
A 2-kg box is pushed to the right by a force of 4 N for a distance of 32 m. It has an initial velocity of 4 m/s to the right. NO
rewona [7]

Answer: a) 8 Kg m/s b) 16 Kg m/s c) 24 Kg m/s d) 16 J e) 128 J f) 144 J

              g) 4 s

Explanation:

a) As momentum by definition is the product of mass times the velocity (is a vector quantity), we can write in this case the following:

pi = m. v₀ = 2 Kg . 4 m/s = 8 Kg. m/s

b) In order to get the change in momentum, we need to get first the final speed of the object.

As we have the total distance travelled, and we could find the acceleration, we could use a kinematic equation to solve the question, but later we will need the kinetic energy, it would be better to apply the work-energy theorem, and calculate ΔK as the work done by external force F, as follows:

ΔK = F . d = 1/2 m (vf² - v₀²)

As we know F, d, m, and v₀, we can solve the equation above for vf:

vf = 12 m/s

So, we can compute the final momentum as follows:

pf = m. vf = 2 Kg. 12 m/s = 24 Kg. m/s

Finally, we can find the change in momentum, as the difference between the final momentum and the initial one, calculated in a):

Δp = pf - pi = 24 Kg. m/s - 8 Kg. m/s = 16 Kg. m/s

c) As we have already found, final momentum is as follows:

pf = m . vf = 2 Kg. 12 m/s = 24 Kg. m/s

d) By definition the initial kinetic energy of the box is as follows:

Ki = 1/2 m v₀² = 1/2. 2 Kg .4² m²/s² = 16 J

e) We can find the change in the kinetic energy taking directly the difference between the final and initial ones, as follows:

ΔK = Kf - Ki = 1/2. 2 Kg (12² - 4²) m²/s² = 128 J

f) From above, we have Kf = 1/2 m. vf² = 1/2 . 2 Kg. 12² m²/s² = 144 J

g) As we know the magnitude of F, and the value of m, we can find the acceleration (assumed constant) , applying Newton's Second Law, as follows:

Fext = m .a ⇒ a = F/m = 4 N / 2 Kg = 2 m/s²

Appying the definition of acceleration, we can solve for t, as follows:

t = (vf-v₀) / a = (12 m/s - 4 m/s) / 2 m/s² = 4 s

6 0
3 years ago
What is the transmitted intensity of light if an additional polarizer is added perpendicular to the first polarizer in the setup
Fantom [35]

Answer:

3) Transmitted intensity of light if unpolarized light passes through a single polarizing filter = 40 W/m²

- Transmitted intensity of light if an additional polarizer is added perpendicular to the first polarizer in the setup described = 7.5 W/m²

Explanation:

Complete Question

3) What is the transmitted intensity of light if unpolarized light passes through a single polarizing filter and the initial intensity is 80 W/m²?

- What is the transmitted intensity of light if an additional polarizer is added perpendicular to the first polarizer in the setup described in Question 3 (the setup)? Show all work in your answer.

The image of this setup attached to this question as obtained from online is attached to this solution.

Solution

3) When unpolarized light passes through a single polarizer, the intensity of the light is cut in half.

Hence, if the initial intensity of unpolarized light is I₀ = 80 W/m²

The intensity of the light rays thay pass through the first single polarizer = I₁ = (I₀/2) = (80/2) = 40 W/m²

- According to Malus' law, the intensity of transmitted light through a polarizer is related to the intensity of the incident light and the angle at which the polarizer is placed with respect to the major axis of the polarizer before the current polarizer of concern.

I₂ = I₁ cos² θ

where

I₂ = intensity of light that passes through the second polarizer = ?

I₁ = Intensity of light from the first polarizer that is incident upon the second polarizer = 40 W/m²

θ = angle between the major axis of the first and second polarizer = 30°

I₂ = 40 (cos² 30°) = 40 (0.8660)² = 30 W/m²

In the same vein, the intensity of light that passes through the third/additional polarizer is related to the intensity of light that passes through the second polarizer and is incident upon this third/additional polarizer through

I₃ = I₂ cos² θ

I₃ = intensity of light that passes through the third/additional polarizer = ?

I₂ = Intensity of light from the second polarizer that is incident upon the third/additional polarizer = 30 W/m²

θ = angle between the major axis of the second and third/additional polarizer = 60° (although, it is 90° with respect to the first polarizer, it is the angle it makes with the major axis of the second polarizer, 60°, that matters)

I₃ = 30 (cos² 60°) = 30 (0.5)² = 7.5 W/m²

Hope this Helps!!!

5 0
3 years ago
Do you believe that
LUCKY_DIMON [66]

Answer:

In my opinion, I think we do change when people come to our lives because the way we feel around people makes us feel a certain way around all people in our lives in a good way. They can change our lives by being there and helping us physically and mentally. We do have the choice to follow what someone is trying to change us. Example if we have a problem like addiction, we can choose to get help from anyone or choose not to. Traumas can affect us, but we need to seek help to not fear those problems anymore, thats why people who care about us really want us to change our way of health, addictions, and mental health. For me, as a child my dad was deported because he got a dui and decided for as punishment to be deported or to have a life sentence in the U.S. My mom suffered addiction to drugs and alcohol. I lived with my grandparents for almost my whole childhood untill the age of 9. Then my aunt got engaged and my new uncle decided to take us in because DC.S foound out that me and my other sibling weren't in school at all. Like we never attended school. So we were going to be seperated and taken for adoption untill my uncle had the heart to adopt us and here I am today. He gave us a better life because I finally experienced school,clothes, food, and a safer place to live. All the things I went through even abuse. He changed my life and we changed his. He cares about us, we helped him quit drinking, and that impacts him a lot to open up his heart and quit drinking.

Explanation:

6 0
2 years ago
A periodic wave with wavelength<br> - 2 m has frequency f = 4 Hz.<br> What is the wave's speed?
Sunny_sXe [5.5K]

Answer:

-8m/s

Explanation:

v=wavelength*f=-2*4=-8m/s

3 0
3 years ago
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