Answer:
Magnesium nucleus will attract the electrons more toward it and therefore, shrinking the size of the atom. Magnesium atom is smaller than Calcium atom because Calcium has more electron ( 20e− ) which will occupy more energy levels ( n=4 for Calcium versus n=3 for Magnesium)
Tarnish is Ag2S-silver sulfide and the oxidation state of silver is +1
I suppose you mean to ask why we can't go through obstacles.
Any atom is surrounded by an electronic cloud. When two atoms get close to each other, the electronic clouds repel each other, preventing them from interpenetrating each other. That same phenomenon, on a larger scale, prevents us from going through matter.
D:
When electrons are gained, the charge of the atom decreases.
When you are given an atom with a charge, the oxidation of that atom is the charge. So by going from a Cr^3+ (Oxidation Number = 3) to a Cr^2+ (Oxidation Number = 2), the Oxidation Number thus decreases.
