Answer:
Divergent - This type of evolution often occurs when closely related species diversify to new habitats. On a large scale, divergent evolution is responsible for the creation of the current diversity of life on earth from the first living cells. On a smaller scale, it is responsible for the evolution of humans and apes from a common primate ancestor.
Convergent - Convergent evolution causes difficulties in fields of study such as comparative anatomy. Convergent evolution takes place when species of different ancestry begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other selection pressure. For example, whales and fish have some similar characteristics since both had to evolve methods of moving through the same medium: water.
Parallel evolution - Parallel evolution occurs when two species evolve independently of each other, maintaining the same level of similarity. Parallel evolution usually occurs between unrelated species that do not occupy the same or similar niches in a given habitat.
Answer:

Explanation:
- We have to make a hollow sphere of inner radius
and outer radius
.
Then the mass of the material required to make such a sphere would be calculated as:
Total volume of the spherical shell:

And the volume of the hollow space in the sphere:

Therefore the net volume of material required to make the sphere:


- Now let the density of the of the material be
.
<u>Then the mass of the material used is:</u>


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