The term "valence electrons" refers to all of the electrons in an atom's outermost shell.
The centre of the atom is where the nucleus is. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. The electrons travel in a specific circular direction and at a specific distance from the nucleus.
The atom's final shell's electrons take part in chemical reactions and the production of bonds. Both ionic and covalent bonding involve valence electrons. Metals are elements with one, two, or three electrons in their final shell.
These substances become positive ions after losing their electrons. Non-metals are substances with 5, 6, or 7 electrons in the outermost shell. These substances all gain electrons and change into negative ions.
Ionic bonds are those created by the transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals. For instance, ionic bonding allows sodium and chlorine to interact to generate sodium chloride.
To know more about valence electrons here
brainly.com/question/371590
#SPJ4
Answer:
sun, air, water, wind and ocean current
Explanation:
As sun is the major source of energy on earth, the earth gets heated due to solar energy, this creates convection currents in the Air and Water, the heating of these areas create wind and ocean currents due to difference in temperature and pressure.
Ca²⁺ion has a lower ratio of charge to volume.
The charge density of an ion is defined as the ratio of the charge of an ion to its volume. Scandium ion has high charge density than calcium ions. The charge density of an ion is defined as the ratio of the charge of an ion to its volume.
Charge density also depends on the size of the ion and valence electrons. The volume of an ion increases with its size. It is inversely proportional to ion volume and directly proportional to charge magnitude. Scandium and calcium are IV periodic elements with atomic numbers of 21 and 20 respectively. Scandium loses three electrons and has a +3 charge and calcium is a divalent cation. Hence, the Scandium ion has high charge density than the calcium ion.
Learn more about charge density here: brainly.com/question/12968377
#SPJ4
