1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
julia-pushkina [17]
3 years ago
12

1. When frequency increases energy:

Chemistry
1 answer:
liraira [26]3 years ago
8 0
B

When frequency increases, as does the energy, but wavelength decreases. It also works vise versa; if wavelength were to increase, its frequency and energy will decrease.
You might be interested in
Which of the following is an example of a mixture?
kap26 [50]
B. the atmosphere is an example of a mixture
3 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
What can we use to determine the relative age of two rocks
insens350 [35]
You can use the law of superposition:in horizontal sedimentary rock,the oldest layer is at the bottom.the more layers up is younger than the ones under
7 0
3 years ago
What is the resistance of a 150 W lightbulb connected to a 24 V voltage source?
Luda [366]

Answer:

3.84 Ω

Explanation:

From the question given above, the following data were obtained:

Electrical power (P) = 150 W

Voltage (V) = 24 V

Resistance (R) =?

P = IV

Recall:

V = IR

Divide both side by R

I = V/R

P = V/R × V

P = V² / R

Where:

P => Electrical power

V => Voltage

I => Current

R => Resistance

With the above formula (i.e P = V²/R), we can calculate resistance as illustrated below:

Electrical power (P) = 150 W

Voltage (V) = 24 V

Resistance (R) =?

P = V²/R

150 = 24² / R

150 = 576 / R

Cross multiply

150 × R = 576

Divide both side by 150

R = 576 / 150

R = 3.84 Ω

Thus, the resistance is 3.84 Ω

4 0
3 years ago
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 how many unpaired electrons are in the atom represented by the electron configuration above?
Sedbober [7]
It's a combination of factors:
Less electrons paired in the same orbital
More electrons with parallel spins in separate orbitals
Pertinent valence orbitals NOT close enough in energy for electron pairing to be stabilized enough by large orbital size
DISCLAIMER: Long answer, but it's a complicated issue, so... :)
A lot of people want to say that it's because a "half-filled subshell" increases stability, which is a reason, but not necessarily the only reason. However, for chromium, it's the significant reason.
It's also worth mentioning that these reasons are after-the-fact; chromium doesn't know the reasons we come up with; the reasons just have to be, well, reasonable.
The reasons I can think of are:
Minimization of coulombic repulsion energy
Maximization of exchange energy
Lack of significant reduction of pairing energy overall in comparison to an atom with larger occupied orbitals
COULOMBIC REPULSION ENERGY
Coulombic repulsion energy is the increased energy due to opposite-spin electron pairing, in a context where there are only two electrons of nearly-degenerate energies.
So, for example...
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−− is higher in energy than
↑
↓
−−−−−

↓
↑
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
To make it easier on us, we can crudely "measure" the repulsion energy with the symbol
Π
c
. We'd just say that for every electron pair in the same orbital, it adds one
Π
c
unit of destabilization.
When you have something like this with parallel electron spins...
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
It becomes important to incorporate the exchange energy.
EXCHANGE ENERGY
Exchange energy is the reduction in energy due to the number of parallel-spin electron pairs in different orbitals.
It's a quantum mechanical argument where the parallel-spin electrons can exchange with each other due to their indistinguishability (you can't tell for sure if it's electron 1 that's in orbital 1, or electron 2 that's in orbital 1, etc), reducing the energy of the configuration.
For example...
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−− is lower in energy than
↑
↓
−−−−−

↓
↑
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
To make it easier for us, a crude way to "measure" exchange energy is to say that it's equal to
Π
e
for each pair that can exchange.
So for the first configuration above, it would be stabilized by
Π
e
(
1
↔
2
), but the second configuration would have a
0
Π
e
stabilization (opposite spins; can't exchange).
PAIRING ENERGY
Pairing energy is just the combination of both the repulsion and exchange energy. We call it
Π
, so:
Π
=
Π
c
+
Π
e

Inorganic Chemistry, Miessler et al.
Inorganic Chemistry, Miessler et al.
Basically, the pairing energy is:
higher when repulsion energy is high (i.e. many electrons paired), meaning pairing is unfavorable
lower when exchange energy is high (i.e. many electrons parallel and unpaired), meaning pairing is favorable
So, when it comes to putting it together for chromium... (
4
s
and
3
d
orbitals)
↑
↓
−−−−−
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
compared to
↑
↓
−−−−−
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
is more stable.
For simplicity, if we assume the
4
s
and
3
d
electrons aren't close enough in energy to be considered "nearly-degenerate":
The first configuration has
Π
=
10
Π
e
.
(Exchanges:
1
↔
2
,
1
↔
3
,
1
↔
4
,
1
↔
5
,
2
↔
3
,

2
↔
4
,
2
↔
5
,
3
↔
4
,
3
↔
5
,
4
↔
5
)
The second configuration has
Π
=
Π
c
+
6
Π
e
.
(Exchanges:
1
↔
2
,
1
↔
3
,
1
↔
4
,
2
↔
3
,
2
↔
4
,
3
↔
4
)
Technically, they are about
3.29 eV
apart (Appendix B.9), which means it takes about
3.29 V
to transfer a single electron from the
3
d
up to the
4
s
.
We could also say that since the
3
d
orbitals are lower in energy, transferring one electron to a lower-energy orbital is helpful anyways from a less quantitative perspective.
COMPLICATIONS DUE TO ORBITAL SIZE
Note that for example,
W
has a configuration of
[
X
e
]
5
d
4
6
s
2
, which seems to contradict the reasoning we had for
Cr
, since the pairing occurred in the higher-energy orbital.
But, we should also recognize that
5
d
orbitals are larger than
3
d
orbitals, which means the electron density can be more spread out for
W
than for
Cr
, thus reducing the pairing energy
Π
.
That is,
Π
W
5 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Water freezes at____.
Aleks04 [339]
0 C
32 F
Water freezes

7 0
3 years ago
Other questions:
  • This is the energy of motion and position - Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy are included here.
    12·1 answer
  • Is electrons gained or lost when a rod becomes positively charged after it is rubbed with a dry silk cloth?
    13·1 answer
  • Heterogeneous mixture with larger particles that never settle
    11·1 answer
  • develop a hypothesis to explain why the radiation from the 14C source could be shielded more effectively than the radiation from
    14·1 answer
  • How might sharing data gathered by different regions allow scientists to better predict the weather.
    6·1 answer
  • A glacier recedes and exposes bare rock. Which of the following will most likely occur next?
    6·2 answers
  • A certain reaction has an enthalpy of Δ=44 kJ and an activation energy of a=61 kJ. What is the activation energy of the reverse
    12·1 answer
  • First to help me with these 4 gets brainless HURRYTTT UPPPPP
    10·2 answers
  • Organisms change energy from the environment or from their food into other types of energy. This is called what?
    6·1 answer
  • Which are charateristics of all metals
    5·2 answers
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!