infiltration and evaporation
Alright here the answer to number 2
G is the gravitational constant, which is approximately 6.6x10^-11 Nm/s^2. It has the same value regardless of the masses of both objects or the distance between them.
The actual size of the Solar system is too big to show without making a much smaller model. If someone wants to see the orientation of the planets a model has to be made so we can see it without flying out too space.
The answer is: Heat can<span> be </span>transmitted<span> though </span>empty space<span> by thermal radiation. Thermal radiation (often called infrared radiation) is a type electromagnetic radiation (or light). Radiation is a form of energy transport consisting of electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light.</span>