The date the model was published.
The use of “laws” originated prior to science splitting from natural philosophy. There’s an implicit assumption that God as the creator laid down both moral and natural laws, with the theologian concerned with the former and the natural philosopher concerned with the latter.
“Theory” begins to take hold in the late 1700s and, very roughly speaking, is used to describe more complex models. “Law” eventually became nearly archaic, although still used to describe very pithy models (Amdahl’s Law, Gustafson’s Law).
The word “model” is gradually superseding both of them.
People have tried to come up with hard-and-fast rules to distinguish them, but scientists are unruly beasts, and use whatever language suits them in the moment.
It's short for magnetic levitation technology; it uses the opposite attraction of magnets to keep something in the air; e.g. a train with magnets on the bottom facing south and the tracks that also have south facing magnets.
Answer: I0*0.853
Explanation:
Ok, the Malus's law says that:
If you have light polarized along a given line with an intensity I0, and it passes through a polaroid which axis of polarization forms an angle θ with respect to the polarization of the light, then the intensity of the resulting beam is:
I(θ) = I0*cos^2(θ)
For example, if the axis of the polaroid is exactly the same as the axis of polarization of the light beam that will impact it, then we have θ = 0°, and the equation above says that the intensity of the beam will not change.
In this particular case, we have that the intensity of the light is I0, and the angle is θ = 22.5°
Then:
I(22.5°) = I0*cos^2(22.5°) = I0*0.853
Mercury,Venus,Earth and Mars
