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Tanzania [10]
2 years ago
15

What is a radical in chemistry​

Chemistry
1 answer:
lidiya [134]2 years ago
3 0
Radical, in chemistry, molecule that contains at least one unpaired electron. Most molecules contain even numbers of electrons, and the covalent chemical bonds holding the atoms together within a molecule normally consist of pairs of electrons jointly shared by the atoms linked by the bond.
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It is proposed to use Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) to fuel spark-ignition engines. A typical sample of the fuel on a volume basis
Norma-Jean [14]

Answer:

a)

The overall  balanced combustion  reaction is written as :

0.7C_3H_8 \ + \ 0.05C_4H_{10} \ + \ 0.25 C_3H_6 \ + \ x(O_2 \ + \ 3.76N_2) ---> 3.05CO_2  \ + \ 3.8H_2O \ + \ 18.612N_2

(F/A)_{stoichiometric} = 0.0424

(A/F)_{stoichiometric} = 23.562

b)

the higher heating values (HHV)_f per unit mass of LPG = 49.9876 MJ/kg

the lower heating values (LHV)_f per unit mass of LPG = 46.4933 MJ/kg

Explanation:

a)

The stoichiometric equation can be expressed as :

0.7C_3H_8 \ + \ 0.05C_4H_{10} \ + \ 0.25 C_3H_6 \ + \ x(O_2 \ + \ 3.76N_2) ---> aCO_2  \ + \ bH_2O \ + \ cN_2

Now, equating the coefficient of carbon; we have:

(0.7×3)+(0.05×4)+(0.25×3) = a

a = 3.05

Also, Equating the coefficient of hydrogen : we have:

(0.7 × 8) +(0.05 × 10) + ( 0.25 × 6) = 2 b

2b = 7.6

b = 3.8

Equating the coefficient of oxygen

2x = 2a + b

x = \frac{2a+b}{2} \\ \\ x =  \frac{2(3.05)+3.8}{2} \\ \\ x = 4.95

Equating the coefficient of Nitrogen

c = 3.76x \\ \\ c = 3.76 *4.95 \\ \\ c = 18.612

Therefore, The overall  balanced combustion  reaction can now be written as :

0.7C_3H_8 \ + \ 0.05C_4H_{10} \ + \ 0.25 C_3H_6 \ + \ x(O_2 \ + \ 3.76N_2) ---> 3.05CO_2  \ + \ 3.8H_2O \ + \ 18.612N_2

Now;  To determine the stoichiometric F/A and A/F ratios; we have:

(F/A)_{stoichiometric} = \frac{n_f}{n_a } \\ \\  (F/A)_{stoichiometric} = \frac{1}{4.95*(1+3.76)} \\ \\ (F/A)_{stoichiometric} = 0.0424

(A/F)_{stoichiometric} = \frac{n_a}{n_f } \\ \\  (A/F)_{stoichiometric} = \frac{4.95*(1+3.76)}{1} \\ \\ (A/F)_{stoichiometric} = 23.562

b)

What are the higher and lower heating values per unit mass of LPG?

Let calculate the molecular mass of the fuel in order to determine their mass fraction of the fuel components.

Molecular mass of the fuel M_f = (0.7*M_{C_3H_5} ) + (0.05 *M_{C_4H_{10}}) + (0.25*M _{C_3H_6})

= 30.8 + 2.9 + 10.5

= 44.2 kg/mol

Mass fraction of the fuel components can now be calculated as :

m_{C_3H_8} = \frac{30.8}{44.2} \\ \\ m_{C_3H_8}  = 0.7 \\ \\ \\  m_{C_4H_{10}} = \frac[2.9}{44.2} \\ \\ m_{C_4H_{10}} = 0.06  \\  \\ \\ m_{C_3H_6} = \frac{10.5}{44.2} \\ \\ m_{C_3H_6}  = 0.24

Finally; calculating the higher heating values (HHV)_f per unit mass of LPG; we have:

(HHV)_f=(0.7 * HHV_{C_3H_8}) + (0.06 *HHV_{C_4H_{10}})+(0.24*HHV_{C_3H_6} \\ \\ (HHV)_f=(0.7*50.38)+(0.06*49.56)+(0.24*48.95) \\ \\ (HHV)_f=49.9876 \ MJ/kg

calculating the lower heating values (LHV)_f per unit mass of LPG; we have:

(LHV)_f = (HHV)_f - \delta H_w \\ \\  (LHV)_f = (HHV)_f  - [\frac{m_w}{m_f}h_{vap}] \\ \\ (LHV)_f   = 49.9876 \ MJ/kg -  [\frac{3.8*18}{44.2}*2.258 \ MJ/kg]  \\ \\ (LHV)_f = 46.4933 \ M/kg

7 0
3 years ago
Express the answer in scientific notation and with the correct number of significant figures: (6.32 x 10-4) ÷ 12.64
elixir [45]
<span>Express the answer in scientific notation and with the correct number of significant figures:
(6.32 x 10-4) ÷ 12.64
5.00 x 10^-5</span>
4 0
3 years ago
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A public School district furnishes pencils to its elementary school. The pencils the secretary orders from the district warehous
const2013 [10]

Answer:

The minimum number of boxes of pencils to be ordered is 630 boxes.

Explanation:

Since a pupil uses averagely 9.3 pencils

and a box contains 12 pencils,

the school enrollment is also 812

school's enrollment x average use of pencil per student

__________________________________________

            number of pencils in a box

812 x 9.3 = 7551.6

7551.6 /12 = 629.3

Having a total number of 630 boxes of pencils to be ordered.

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2 years ago
In a typical reaction, as time passes, the amount of _____ decreases and the amount of _____ increases. Fill in the blank
ELEN [110]
Reactants, products are the answers
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The radioactive isotope I-131 is used in
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The answer is D, medical diagnosis
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