Answer:
The correct option is;
c. Sound wave
Explanation:
The given options effect on mutation are given as follows;
a. Radiation
Radiation such as ultraviolet light and gamma radiation, which are electromagnetic waves, cause mutations by causing the formation of free radicals within an organism's cell resulting in the mutation characteristic effects
b. Smoking of tobacco has mutagenic effects due to the presence of several carcinogenic compounds in cigarettes
c. Sound wave is a form of mechanical wave and has no chemical effects on the chemistry of an organism and therefore does not cause mutation in cells
d. Chemical pollution can contain carcinogenic compounds that can cause mutations in the cells of organisms.
If solutions of nh4cl(aq) and nh3(aq) are mixed, the ions in the resulting solution that would be the spectator ions in any acid-base chemistry occurring in the solution would be the chloride ions. The mixture is a common buffer of ammonia and ammonium chloride. NH4Cl is a salt that is soluble in water dissociating into NH4+ and Cl-. The chloride ions are the spectator ions while NH4+ ions would be the conjugate acid for the buffer solution. Buffer solutions are solution which would resist change in pH when acid or a base is being added to the solution. The equilibrium reaction of the buffer solution in this problem would be
NH3 + H2O = OH– + NH4+
Equilibrium is a state of balance or a stable situation where the opposing forces cancel each other out and where no changes are occurring.
<h3>How to explain the equilibrium?</h3>
Your information is incomplete. Therefore, an overview will be given. In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is a state where the reactants and products are present in concentrations that have no further tendency to change with time.
In terms of volume changes within a system at equilibrium, the following applies:
- When there is a decrease in volume, then the equilibrium will shift to favor the direction that produces fewer moles of gas.
- When there is an increase in volume, then the equilibrium will shift to favor the direction that produces more moles of gas.
In conclusion, if you increase the pressure of a system at equilibrium, the stress will be reduced by reaction that favors the side with the fewest moles of gas.
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