There is no equation here
Yes, atoms need to be equal in protons and electrons
Answer:
The frictional torque is 
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The mass attached to one end the string is 
The mass attached to the other end of the string is 
The radius of the disk is 
At equilibrium the tension on the string due to the first mass is mathematically represented as

substituting values


At equilibrium the tension on the string due to the mass is mathematically represented as



The frictional torque that must be exerted is mathematically represented as

substituting values


24-15=9 m/s slower in 12 seconds. So 9/12 m/s² slower. Therefore the acceleration is -0,75 m/s²
Answer:The frequency of the echo is slightly decreased
Explanation:
Given
speed of boat 
cliff is
away
when boat is still , suppose t is the time taken by the echo to reach observer on the boat
But as soon as boat starts moving the distance between cliff and boat decreasing and time for echo to reach observer also decreases
and we know 
therefore frequency of the echo slightly decreased.