1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
liraira [26]
2 years ago
13

What could cause an error DNA in replication

Chemistry
1 answer:
Nana76 [90]2 years ago
8 0

NOTICE: There are attachments attached to this answer that is mentioned  in each paragraph!

We frequently see DNA replication as a well-organized, methodical process, much like a production line. It's not. For the DNA polymerase to read it, the DNA must not lie in a straight line and must be in motion, not static. It is curled and twisted. First, realize that this is a molecular issue. Bacteria lack neurons, cannot "think," and cannot make decisions. Everything is a chemical reaction, and chemical reactions frequently depend on one concentration's osmotic pressure being higher than another, both inside the cell and outside. Even at that level, there is a lot of "nothing," albeit nothing is empty. For a better understanding of the environment, picture a cell as a large room filled with balls of all sizes. Each ball has a unique form and isn't spherical; some balls fit together flawlessly while others don't. This is the easiest way to conceptualize the universe of molecular chemistry. There is never "nothing" other than in space when you push your way through layers upon layers of free oxygen, free nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen dioxide, argon, methane, etc. when you walk through what we term "air."

Replication mistakes happen. Sometimes DNA polymerase enzymes add the incorrect nucleotide, too many, or too few nucleotides to a sequence. Or the DNA polymerase gets looped on the same strand, adding a few codons in a repetition before the strand slips away and it continues, or there is a tangle of crossing DNA and it jumps to the incorrect thread and back (or never), etc. In order to ensure that the bases added to a developing strand are appropriately matched with their complements, DNA polymerase enzymes are quite picky about the nucleotides they choose to use. However, these enzymes do make errors. Specifically, at a rate of around 1 per 100,000 nucleotides. Doesn't sound like much, but since each diploid cell has 6 billion base pairs, there are around 120,000 errors every cell division.

Ribosomal errors during transcription can even change the synthesis of the DNA polymerase proteins, leading to the creation of a mechanism that is already faulty. Since not all ribosomes are created equally, ribosome quality is important. Bacterial mutation rates are greater because bacterial ribosomes are less accurate and produce a lot more errors than human ribosomes. That is a benefit for simple, quickly reproducing life, which is also very vulnerable to the stresses of the molecular chemical environment. Unlike most more complex forms of life, which also have DNA repair mechanisms incorporated into the DNA polymerase, humans have these mechanisms. Some of these processes can often correct mistakes as soon as they are produced, while others can do so over time.

Regarding the pairing of C and T, etc. There are a number of balls in that room that, at first glance, appear to be identical, but if you compare two closely, you could find that one bump is larger or is located incorrectly even if it appears to be same. Proton shift is one such. Here are two instances using the purine guanine (G) and the pyrimidine thymine (T) (G). Please excuse my handwriting; I learned to type at a very young age. Shifted on the right, normal on the left. NA polymerase (as do most more complex forms of life) frequently correct mistakes as soon as they are made and others that correct mistakes later.

<em>(ATTATCHMENT #1)</em>

You might be interested in
Which of these mixtures will MOST LIKELY result in soil? A) sand, clay, and heat B) sand, clay, and water C) sand, clay, heat, a
Wewaii [24]

Answer:

I think it should be C.

Explanation:

Because for a plant to start photosinthesis it need sun (heat is like the sun),water,and stuff that soil is made of (sand and clay) tell me if this is correct

Thanks

5 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
How many grams of diphosphorus pentoxide result if 100.0 g of phosphorus are combined with sufficient oxygen?
gregori [183]
Answer is: 230 g.
Chemical reaction: P₄ + 5O₂ → 2P₂O₅.
m(P₄) = 100 g.
M(P₄) = 4 · 31 g/mol = 124 g/mol.
n(P₄) = m(P₄) ÷ M(P₄) = 100g ÷ 124g/mol = 0,806 mol.
From reaction: n(P₄) : n(P₂O5) = 1 : 2.
n(P₂O₅) = 1,612 mol.
m(P₂O₅) = 1,612 mol · 142g/mol = 230g.
M - molar mass.
n - amount of substance.
3 0
3 years ago
A hot air balloon is filled to 1250 m3 at 27 C. At what temperature will the balloon be filled to 1600 m3 if the pressure remain
SSSSS [86.1K]

Answer:

384.2 K

Explanation:

First we convert 27 °C to K:

  • 27 °C + 273.16 = 300.16 K

With the absolute temperature we can use <em>Charles' law </em>to solve this problem. This law states that at constant pressure:

  • T₁V₂=T₂V₁

Where in this case:

  • T₁ = 300.16 K
  • V₂ = 1600 m³
  • T₂ = ?
  • V₁ = 1250 m³

We input the data:

300.16 K * 1600 m³ = T₂ * 1250 m³

And solve for T₂:

T₂ = 384.2 K

7 0
3 years ago
Sound travels most quickly through? a gas, liquid. Solid
aleksley [76]

Answer:

solids

Explanation:

through solids because the molecules are closer together

4 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
What indicator of a chemical reaction could be measured using a thermometer?
Oksana_A [137]

Answer:

heat production

Explanation:

7 0
2 years ago
Other questions:
  • For what type(s) of compound do we use Greek, numerical prefixes in the name?
    8·1 answer
  • Where does vanillin come from?<br> PLEASE ANSWER
    8·1 answer
  • Why is genetic engineering beneficial?
    8·1 answer
  • A 45.0 mL sample of 0.020 M acetic acid (HC2H3O2) is titrated with 0.020 M NaOH.? Determine the pH of the solution after adding
    9·1 answer
  • The Tacoma narrows bridge collapsed due to?
    6·2 answers
  • which one of the following statements about sodium chloride is incorrect a) within the crystal, each sodium ion is surrounded by
    12·1 answer
  • A gas occupies 50.0mL at a standard temp. What volume would it occupy at 335 Celsius with
    8·1 answer
  • PLEASE HELP!!!!! NEED HELP ASAP!!!!!
    15·1 answer
  • .The base which is used in space ships and submarine is
    5·1 answer
  • If something melts fast does it have a high or low melting point?
    15·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!