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2 years ago

name the three exposure techniques in photolithography. what are the alternatives to photolithography in ic processing?

Engineering

1 answer:

zhenek [66]2 years ago

6 0

The three exposure techniques in photolithography are:

Contact
Proximity
Projection

Alternatives to photolithography in IC processing include;

X-ray
UV
Ion, and
Electron lithography

<h3>What is Photolithography?</h3>

Photolithography is a term in integrated circuit development that describes the patterned films that are formed when a beam of light falls on a substance.

This phenomenon protects the surface of sensitive materials such as glass during some operations like etching. UV and X-rays can be used for this purpose.

Learn more about photolithography here:

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An ideal gas turbine operates using air coming at 355C and 350 kPa at a flow rate of 2.0 kg/s. Find the rate work output

GuDViN [60]

Answer:

The rate of work output = -396.17 kJ/s

Explanation:

Here we have the given parameters

Initial temperature, T₁ = 355°C = 628.15 K

Initial pressure, P₁ = 350 kPa

h₁ = 763.088 kJ/kg

s₁ = 4.287 kJ/(kg·K)

Assuming an isentropic system, from tables, we look for the saturation temperature of saturated air at 4.287 kJ/(kg·K) which is approximately

h₂ = 79.572 kJ/kg

The saturation temperature at the given

T₂ = 79°C

The rate of work output $\dot W$ = $\dot m$ × $c_p$ ×(T₂ - T₁)

Where;

$c_p$ = The specific heat of air at constant pressure = 0.7177 kJ/(kg·K)

$\dot m$ = The mass flow rate = 2.0 kg/s

Substituting the values, we have;

$\dot W$ = 2.0 × 0.7177 × (79 - 355) = -396.17 kJ/s

$\dot W$ = -396.17 kJ/s

7 0

4 years ago

Choose the person who best completes each statement.

victus00 [196]

The exercise is about finding the missing medical terms from the list below.. See the sentences below for the missing words.

<h3>What are the completed sentences?</h3>

The outbreak and spread of epidemic diseases, such as swine flu, are tracked by a <u>Public Health Surveillance Team.</u>
The person who would use equipment to show an image of a baby before birth is a <u>Diagnostic Medical Sonographer.</u>
The education to become a <u>Medical Practitioner</u> requires more than four years of college.
When a water source becomes contaminated with an illness-causing bacteria, a <u>Microbiologist</u> could be brought in to study how to get rid of the microorganisms.

Learn more about medical terms at;
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7 0

2 years ago

Read 2 more answers

A piston-cylinder device contains 1.329 kg of nitrogen gas at 120 kPa and 27 degree C. The gas is now compressed slowly in a pol

Shtirlitz [24]

Answer:-0.4199 J/k

Explanation:

Given data

mass of nitrogen(m)=1.329 Kg

Initial pressure $\left ( P_1\right )$ =120KPa

Initial temperature $\left ( T_1\right )=27\degree \approx$ 300k

Final volume is half of initial

R=particular gas constant

Therefore initial volume of gas is given by

PV=mRT

V=0.986\times 10^{-3}

Using $PV^{1.49}$ =constant

$P_{1}V^{1.49}$ = $P_2\left (\frac{V}{2}\right )$

$P_2$ =337.066KPa

$V_2$ = $0.493\times 10^{-3} m^{3}$

and entropy is given by

$\Delta s$ = $C_v \ln \left (\frac{P_2}{P_1}\right )$ + $C_p \ln \left (\frac{V_2}{V_1}\right )$

Where, $C_v$ = $\frac{R}{\gamma-1}$ =0.6059

$C_p$ = $\frac{\gamma R}{\gamma -1}$ =0.9027

Substituting values we get

$\Delta s$ = $0.6059\times\ln \left (\frac{337.066}{120}\right )$ + $0.9027 \ln \left (\frac{1}{2}\right )$

$\Delta s$ =-0.4199 J/k

4 0

4 years ago

I am trying to create a line of code to calculate distance between two points. (distance=[tex]\sqrt{ (x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2}) My li

k0ka [10]

Answer:

point_dist = math.sqrt((math.pow(x2 - x1, 2) + math.pow(y2 - y1, 2))

Explanation:

The distance formula is the difference of the x coordinates squared, plus the difference of the y coordinates squared, all square rooted. For the general case, it appears you simply need to change how you have written the code.

point_dist = math.sqrt((math.pow(x2 - x1, 2) + math.pow(y2 - y1, 2))

Note, by moving the 2 inside of the pow function, you have provided the second argument that it is requesting.

You were close with your initial attempt, you just had a parenthesis after x1 and y1 when you should not have.

Cheers.

6 0

3 years ago

Two balanced Y-connected loads in parallel, one drawing 15kW at 0.6 power factor lagging and the other drawing 10kVA at 0.8 powe

NemiM [27]

Answer:

(a) attached below

(b) $pf_{C}=0.85$ $lagging$

(d) $X_{C} =49.37$ Ω

(e) $I_{cap} =9.72 A$ and $I_{line} =27.66 A$

Explanation:

Given data:

$P_{1}=15 kW$

$S_{2} =10 kVA$

$pf_{1} =0.6$ $lagging$

$pf_{2}=0.8$ $leading$

$V=480$ $Volts$

(a) Draw the power triangle for each load and for the combined load.

$\alpha_{1}=cos^{-1} (0.6)=53.13$ °

$\alpha_{2}=cos^{-1} (0.8)=36.86$ °

$S_{1}=P_{1} /pf_{1} =15/0.6=25 kVA$

$Q_{1}=P_{1} tan(\alpha_{1} )=15*tan(53.13)=19.99$ ≅ $20kVAR$

$P_{2} =S_{2}*pf_{2} =10*0.8=8 kW$

$Q_{2} =P_{2} tan(\alpha_{2} )=8*tan(-36.86)=-5.99$ ≅ $-6 kVAR$

The negative sign means that the load 2 is providing reactive power rather than consuming

Then the combined load will be

$P_{c} =P_{1} +P_{2} =15+8=23 kW$

$Q_{c} =Q_{1} +Q_{2} =20-6=14 kVAR$

(b) Determine the power factor of the combined load and state whether lagging or leading.

$S_{c} =P_{c} +jQ_{c} =23+14j$

or in the polar form

$S_{c} =26.92$ °

$pf_{C}=cos(31.32) =0.85$ $lagging$

The relationship between Apparent power S and Current I is

$S=VI^{*}$

Since there is conjugate of current I therefore, the angle will become negative and hence power factor will be lagging.

Current of the combined load can be found by

$I_{C} =S_{C}/\sqrt{3}*V$

$I_{C} =26.92*10^3/\sqrt{3}*480=32.37 A$

(d) Δ-connected capacitors are now installed in parallel with the combined load. What value of capacitive reactance is needed in each leg of the A to make the source power factor unity?Give your answer in Ω

$Q_{C} =3*V^2/X_{C}$