Question

In terms of electron energy band structure, discuss reasons for the difference in electrical conductivity between metals, semiconductors, and insulators.

Answer 1

The number of electrons in the valence shell determines conductivity. Metals, for instance, have a gap in their valence shell. This makes it simple to stimulate electrons so they can switch bands. There are no open electron sites in the outer shell of semiconductors and insulators.

For this to happen, an electron must have sufficient energy to cross into a different band. Consequently, a wider gap must be filled, using more energy. The band gap of insulators is wider than that of semiconductors. Therefore, the conductivity of a material has a direct relationship with the band gap size.The ability of water to conduct an electrical current is measured by its conductivity. Conductivity rises with salinity because dissolved salts and other inorganic compounds carry electrical current. Oil and other organic materials have a low electrical conductivity in water because they do not conduct electricity well. Temperature also has an impact on conductivity; the higher the conductivity, the warmer the water. Conductivity is a helpful indicator of water quality in general.

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