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11 months ago

Please help!!!! ⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️

Chemistry

1 answer:

Bumek [7]11 months ago

6 0

Polyatomic ions: $CH_3COO^-$ , $NO_3^-$ , $NH^+$ , $CN^-$ , $Li^+$ , and $OH^-$

Monatomic ions: $Ca^{2+$ , $O^{2-$ , and $Fe^{3+$

<h3>Monoatomic vs Polyatomic Ions</h3>

In chemistry, monoatomic ions are ions that consist of only a single type of atom. They are usually positive or negatively charged and are otherwise known as simple ions. Examples include $Ca^{2+$ , $O^{2-$ , and $Fe^{3+$

Polyatomic ions, on the other hand, are ions that consist of more than one atom, unlike monoatomic ions. The two or more atoms are covalently bonded and the entire structure behaves like a single chemical entity in reactions. Polyatomic ions are otherwise known as molecular ions.

Examples of polyatomic ions are $CH_3COO^-$ , $NO_3^-$ , $NH^+$ , $CN^-$ , $Li^+$ , and $OH^-$

Thus, from the diagram:

Polyatomic ions: $CH_3COO^-$ , $NO_3^-$ , $NH^+$ , $CN^-$ , $Li^+$ , and $OH^-$

Monatomic ions: $Ca^{2+$ , $O^{2-$ , and $Fe^{3+$

More on ions can be found here: brainly.com/question/14982375

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If the water is cooled reversibly with no phase changes, then there is no entropy generation during the entire process. By the Second Law of Thermodynamics, we represent the change of entropy ( $s_{2} - s_{1}$ ), in joules per gram-Kelvin, by the following model:

$s_{2} - s_{1} = \int\limits^{T_{2}}_{T_{1}} {\frac{dQ}{T} }$

$s_{2} - s_{1} = m\cdot c_{w} \cdot \int\limits^{T_{2}}_{T_{1}} {\frac{dT}{T} }$

$s_{2} - s_{1} = m\cdot c_{w} \cdot \ln \frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}}$ (1)

Where:

$m$ - Mass, in kilograms.

$c_{w}$ - Specific heat of water, in joules per kilogram-Kelvin.

$T_{1}$ , $T_{2}$ - Initial and final temperatures of water, in Kelvin.

If we know that $m = 1\,kg$ , $c_{w} = 4190\,\frac{J}{kg\cdot K}$ , $T_{1} = 373.15\,K$ and $T_{2} = 288.15\,K$ , then the change in entropy for the entire process is:

$s_{2} - s_{1} = (1\,kg) \cdot \left(4190\,\frac{J}{kg\cdot K} \right)\cdot \ln \frac{288.15\,K}{373.15\,K}$

$s_{2} - s_{1} = -1083.112\,\frac{J}{kg\cdot K}$

The change in entropy is -1083.112 joules per kilogram-Kelvin.

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