Work,
in thermodynamics, is the amount of energy that is transferred from one system
to another system without transfer of entropy. It is equal to the external
pressure multiplied by the change in volume of the system. It is expressed as
follows:<span>
W = PdV
Integrating and assuming that P is not affected
by changes in V or it is constant, then we will have:
W = P (V2 - V1)
Substituting the given values:
P = 1.0 atm = 101325 Pa
(V2 - V1) = 0.50 L =
W = 101325 N/m^3 ( 0.50) (1/1000) m^3
W = 50.66 N-m or 50.66 J
<span>
So, in the expansion process about 50.66 J of work is being done.
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As you approach the surface of the sphere very closely, the electric field should resemble more and more the electric field from an infinite plane of charge.
If you check Gauss's law (recalling that the field in the conductor is zero) you will see that if the surface charge density is σ=Q/4πR2, then indeed the field at the surface is σ/ϵ0 as in the infinite charge of plane case.
Such a field is constant, the field lines are parallel and non-diverging, and the infinities associated with the field due to point charge do not arise.
Explanation:
They have solid, rocky surfaces they also have molten heavy-metal core, few moons , and topological features
