Answer: option c) equal to the angle of reflection.
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Answer:
(a) the net charge inside the closed surface.
Explanation:
In Gauss' Law, Qencl refers to the net charge inside the Gaussian surface. This surface is usually taken as a symmetric geometric surface, but this is merely for simplicity. Gauss' Law holds for any closed surface. Inside this surface there can be insulators as well as conductors. Regardless of the geometry or the materials inside, Qencl refers to the net charge inside the closed surface. The charge outside the surface is irrelevant for Gauss' Law, therefore all the charge in the physical system is not included in Gauss' Law.
Magnitude of the force = 50N
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<u>Explanation:</u>
Let one force be X
And the second force be Y
Both the forces are perpendicular, so α = 90°
The resultant R of the two forces = 100N
Angle between resultant and 1 force, α = 60°
We know,
R² = X² + Y² + 2XYcos 90
100² = X² + Y²
If X makes an angle of Φ = 60°
Then, tan Ф = Y sin α / X + Y cos α
Putting the values we find,
tan 60 = Y/X
Y = √3X
Putting Y = √3X in equation 1 we get,
(X)² + (√3X)² = 100 X 100
4X² = 100 X 100
X² = 2500
X = 50N
Therefore, magnitude of the force = 50N
Answer:
b) Betelgeuse would be 
times brighter than Sirius
c) Since Betelgeuse brightness from Earth compared to the Sun is 
the statement saying that it would be like a second Sun is incorrect
Explanation:
The start brightness is related to it luminosity thought the following equation:
(1)
where 
is the brightness, 
is the star luminosity and 
, the distance from the star to the point where the brightness is calculated (measured). Thus:
b) 
and 
where 
is the Sun luminosity (
) but we don't need to know this value for solving the problem. 
is light years.
Finding the ratio between the two brightness we get:
c) we can do the same as in b) but we need to know the distance from the Sun to the Earth, which is 
. Then
Notice that since the star luminosities are given with respect to the Sun luminosity we don't need to use any value a simple states the Sun luminosity as the unit, i.e 1. From this result, it is clear that when Betelgeuse explodes it won't be like having a second Sun, it brightness will be 5 orders of magnitude smaller that our Sun brightness.
Uneven heating of land and sea causes warm air over land to rise up, creating a low pressure zone. So wind blows in from the sea to fill this low pressure zone
