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3 years ago

Why are fibers birefringent

Chemistry

2 answers:

DanielleElmas [232]3 years ago

7 0

Answer:

Because of the chemical makeup of the fiber.

Explanation:

The birefringence is the difference between the refractive index of a fiber in a direction at parallel to the fiber axis and in a direction at right angles. It is caused by asymmetric core shape for the two axes, and majorly one of the manufacturing imperfections. It helps in controlling polarization property inside the fiber.

horrorfan [7]3 years ago

4 0

Inevitable manufacturing imperfections in optical fiber leads to birefringence, which is one cause of pulse broadening in fiber-optic communications. Such imperfections can be geometrical (lack of circular symmetry), due to stress applied to the optical fiber and/or due to bending of the fiber.

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In the reaction ___h2+n2 ->2 NH3, what coefficient should be placed in front of H2 to balance the reaction?

Nataly_w [17]

In order to balance this equation you need to count each element and how many of the individual elements are in the equation.
_H2+N2=2 NH3
You multiply the 2 (Which is the coefficient) by the 3 (which is the subscript) This would equal 6 which indicated there are 6 hydrogen atoms on the right side so the left side should also have 6 hydrogen atoms

The missing coefficient on the left side must multiple the 2 to become 6 hydrogen
Answer=3

7 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

Fluorine has an atomic number of 9, how many electron shells does it have?

aleksandr82 [10.1K]

2 shells because if you do the electronic configuration:
2,7 which adds up to 9
7 stands for the group it in and it also stands for how many electrons are in the outer shell.
the amount of spaces stands for which period its in therefore it in period 2

4 0

3 years ago

According to which theory or law is a chemical reaction most likely to occur when two particles with the proper energy and orien

Nat2105 [25]

<h2>Collision Theory </h2>

Explanation:

<h3>The given statement is related to the collision theory - </h3>

Collision theory was given by William Lewis in 1916.

This theory explains in a qualitative manner that in what way any chemical reaction occurs and the reason for the different reaction rates for different reactions.

<h3>According to the collision theory - </h3>

Molecules must collide in order to react
Sufficient amount of energy is needed for collisions (kinetic energy) so that the chemical bonds should break
This energy used is known as the activation energy
On the increase in the temperature, the kinetic energy of the molecule increases and the molecules move faster and collide with a proper orientation at an increased speed
This increases the rate of a collision that in turn increases the breaking of the bond

6 0

3 years ago

Calcium hydroxide is a strong base but is not very soluble ( Ksp = 5.02 X 10-6 ). What is the pH of a saturated solution of Ca(O

Misha Larkins [42]

Answer : The pH of a saturated solution is, 12.33

Explanation : Given,

$K_{sp}$ = $5.02\times 10^{-6}$

First we have to calculate the solubility of $OH^-$ ion.

The balanced equilibrium reaction will be:

$Ca(OH)_2\rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+}+2OH^-$

Let the solubility will be, 's'.

The concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ ion = s

The concentration of $OH^-$ ion = 2s

The expression for solubility constant for this reaction will be,

$K_{sp}=[Ca^{2+}][OH^-]^2$

Let the solubility will be, 's'

$K_{sp}=(s)\times (2s)^2$

$K_{sp}=(4s)^3$

Now put the value of $K_[sp}$ in this expression, we get the solubility.

$5.02\times 10^{-6}=(4s)^3$

$s=1.079\times 10^{-2}M$

The concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ ion = s = $1.079\times 10^{-2}M$

The concentration of $OH^-$ ion = 2s = $2\times (1.079\times 10^{-2}M)=2.158\times 10^{-2}M$

First we have to calculate the pOH.

$pOH=-\log [OH^-]$

$pOH=-\log (2.158\times 10^{-2})$

$pOH=1.67$

Now we have to calculate the pH.

$pH+pOH=14\\\\pH=14-pOH\\\\pH=14-1.67=12.33$

Therefore, the pH of a saturated solution is, 12.33

7 0

3 years ago

Gallium chloride is formed by the reaction of 2.25 L of a 1.50 M solution of HCl according to the following equation: 2Ga 6HCl -

Setler79 [48]

Answer:

198.56g of GaCl3

Explanation:

We'll begin by calculating the number of mole HCl in 2.25 L of a 1.50 M solution of HCl. This is illustrated below:

Molarity of HCl = 1.50 M

Volume = 2.25 L

Mole of HCl =..?

Molarity = mole /Volume

1.5 = mole /2.25

Cross multiply

Mole = 1.5 x 2.25

Mole of HCl = 3.375 mole

Next, we shall determine the number of mole Gallium chloride, GaCl3 produced from the reaction. This is shown below:

2Ga + 6HCl —> 2GaCl3 + 3H2

From the balanced equation above,

6 moles of HCl reacted to produce 2 moles of GaCl3.

Therefore, 3.375 mole of HCl will react to produce = (3.375 x 2)/6 = 1.125 mole of GaCl3.

Therefore, 1.125 moles of GaCl3 were produced from the reaction.

Next, we shall convert 1.125 mole of GaCl3 to grams. This is illustrated below:

Molar mass of GaCl3 = 70 + (35.5x3) = 176.5g/mol

Mole of GaCl3 = 1.125 mole

Mass of GaCl3 =..?

Mole = mass /Molar mass

1.125 = mass of GaCl3 /176.5

Cross multiply

Mass of GaCl3 = 1.125 x 176.5

Mass of GaCl3 = 198.56g

Therefore, 198.56g of GaCl3 were produced from the reaction.

7 0

3 years ago