Answer:
a) ammonium ion
b) amide ion
Explanation:
The order of decreasing bond angles of the three nitrogen species; ammonium ion, ammonia and amide ion is NH4+ >NH3> NH2-. Next we need to rationalize this order of decreasing bond angles from the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory perspective.
First we must realize that all three nitrogen species contain a central sp3 hybridized carbon atom. This means that a tetrahedral geometry is ideally expected. Recall that the presence of lone pairs distorts molecular structures from the expected geometry based on VSEPR theory.
The amide ion contains two lone pairs of electrons. Remember that the presence of lone pairs causes greater repulsion than bond pairs on the outermost shell of the central atom. Hence, the amide ion has the least H-N-H bond angle of about 105°.
The ammonia molecule contains one lone pair, the repulsion caused by one lone pair is definitely bless than that caused by two lone pairs of electrons hence the bond angle of the H-N-H bond in ammonia is 107°.
The ammonium ion contains four bond pairs and no lone pair of electrons on the outermost nitrogen atom. Hence we expect a perfect tetrahedron with bond angle of 109°.
Answer:
Dissociation
Explanation:
When HCl and NaOH are mixed with water, the HCl and NaOH molecules interacts with the water, forming what is known as ions. Ions are atoms with electric charge.
When HCl, it forms H+ and Cl-. The mixture is acid because what define a mixture as acid is the amount of H+ ions.
When NaOH mixes with water, it forms Na+ and OH- ions. The amount of OH- ions in a mixture defines it as basic.
<span>Provide a direct contact between the oxidation and reduction electrodes - A</span>
Incomplete combustion occurs when the supply of air or oxygen is poor. Water is still produced, but carbon monoxide and carbon are produced instead of carbon dioxide. ... Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas, which is one reason why complete combustion is preferred to incomplete combustion.
The given blanks can be filled with attraction and repulsion.
Gases comprise tiny particles of matter, which are in spontaneous motion. The particles of a gas are colliding continuously with each other and with the container walls. These collisions are considered elastic, that is, no net loss of energy takes place due to collisions. The particles of gases are distinct away from each other by large distances.
There are no interactive forces, that is, repulsion or attraction among the gas particles. The average kinetic energy of gas particles depends upon the temperature of the gas.
