Explanation:
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A carbon iota can bond with four other iotas and is just like the four-hole wheel, whereas an oxygen iota, which can bond only to two, is just like the two-hole wheel.
The method is called the displacement method.
You place some water in the graduated cylinder and measure its volume.
Then you add your object and measure the new volume.
The difference between the two volumes is the volume of your object.
(2) three fewer valence electrons is your answer.