Answer:
(a) the net charge inside the closed surface.
Explanation:
In Gauss' Law, Qencl refers to the net charge inside the Gaussian surface. This surface is usually taken as a symmetric geometric surface, but this is merely for simplicity. Gauss' Law holds for any closed surface. Inside this surface there can be insulators as well as conductors. Regardless of the geometry or the materials inside, Qencl refers to the net charge inside the closed surface. The charge outside the surface is irrelevant for Gauss' Law, therefore all the charge in the physical system is not included in Gauss' Law.
Mirrors don't cause refraction.
A convex mirror could cause parallel rays to REFLECT away from each other.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Electronegativity difference of less than 0.4 characterized covalent bonds. For two atoms with an electronegativity difference of between 0.4 and 2.0, a polar covalent bond is formed-one that is neither ionic nor totally covalent.
Answer: 
Explanation:
Given
Radius of flywheel is 
Angular acceleration 
For no change in radius, tangential acceleration is given as

Insert the values
