Answer:
Acids have a pH less than 7. Acids contain lots of hydrogen ions
Alkalis have a pH greater than 7. Alkalis contain lots of hydroxide ions
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<span>The high-energy electron travels down an electron transport chain, losing energy as it goes.
Some of the released energy drives pumping of </span><span><span>\text H^+<span>H<span><span>+</span><span></span></span></span></span>H, start superscript, plus, end superscript</span><span> ions from the stroma into the thylakoid interior, building a gradient.
</span><span><span>H^+<span>H<span><span>+</span><span></span></span></span></span>H, start superscript, plus, end superscript</span><span> ions from the splitting of water also add to the gradient.
</span><span><span> H^+<span>H<span><span>+</span><span></span></span></span></span>H, start superscript, plus, end superscript</span><span> ions flow down their gradient and into the stroma, they pass through ATP synthase, driving ATP production in a process known as </span>chemiosmosis<span>.</span>
Elephant toothpaste is exothermic because it gives off heat
The total charge of a compound must be zero. So the Y ion has charge of -2. Then the charge of X ion+(-2)*2=0. So the charge of X ion is +4.
Plants, animals and bacteria