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Sladkaya [172]
3 years ago
9

For each of the following substituents, indicate whether it withdraws electrons inductively, donates electrons by hyperconjugati

on, withdraws electrons by resonance, or donates electrons by resonance. (Effects should be compared with that of a hydrogen; remember that many substituents can be characterized in more than one way.)
a. Br
b. CH2CH3
c. NHCH3
d. OCH3
Chemistry
1 answer:
AveGali [126]3 years ago
3 0

Answer:

a. withdraws electrons inductively

b. donates electrons by hyperconjugation

c. donates electrons by resonance

d.  withdraws electrons inductively

Explanation:

a.  The bromide ion is a highly electronegative ion (in the halide series). Electronegative substituents on acids increase the acidity by inductive electron withdrawal method. The higher the electronegativity of a substance, the greater the acidity. The halogens have this order of electronegativity:

F > Cl > Br>I

b.  The carboxyl groups have a stabilization of the sigma and pi bonds. This is achieved through a special delocalization of electrons.  Because of the delocalization, hyperconjugation is the result effect.

c. The NHCH₃ group has a highly electonegative nitrogen atom that pulls the electron cloud towards itself. In this case, it withdraws electrons inductively. As a result, it donates electrons by resonance.

d. The OCH₃ group has a highly electonegative oxygen atom. This oxygen atom withdraws electron cloud towards itself. As a result, it withdraws electrons inductively.

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Ionization energy can be defined as the energy required for an atom to lose its valence electron to form an ion. Hence, it deals with how easily an atom would lose its electron and form an ion. As the valence electrons are lossless bound to the outermost shell, they can easily be lost without much problem or better still they can be lost easily. Hence, the energy change here is small and thus we can conclude that the ionization energy here is low.

The electron affinity works quite differently from the ionization energy. It deals with the way in which a neutral atom attracts an electron to form an ion. For an electron with loose valence electrons, the sure fact is that it does not really need these electrons. Hence, there is no need for an high electron affinity on its part. Thus, we conclude that the electron affinity is also low

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