A). Earth completes one rotation on its rotation axis every (3 minutes and 56 seconds less than 24 hours). This causes night and day. It's rotation, not precession.
B). Earth completes one orbital revolution around the sun every (365 plus a little bit) days. It's revolution, not precession.
C). I'm not sure what happens on a cycle of 512 years. It may have something to do with the moon. But whatever it is, it's not precession.
D). When you spin a top and it starts to run down, the first thing that happens is that the handle of the top, or the point on top of the top, starts moving in a circle. That's precession. That's what the Earth's axis is doing. The north pole points toward the north star (Polaris) now. But the north pole is actually drawing out a big circle in the sky, and other stars will become the "north star" far in the future. The north pole draws out a full circle in the sky, roughly once every 26,000 years. That's precession.
If the end of the tube is uncovered such that the air at the end of the tube can freely vibrate when the sound wave reaches it, then the end is referred to as an open end. If both ends of the tube are uncovered or open, the musical instrument is said to contain an open-end air column.
