A neutral atom of beryllium (Be) has an average mass of 9 amu and 4 electrons. How many neutrons does it have?
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Orbital diagram:
Fluorine F is found in the second column from the right end of a modern periodic table. Fluorine is next to and on the left of the noble gas element neon. A neutral fluorine atom is one electron short of neon, which contains 8 electrons in the outermost shell when neutral. As a result, there are 7 electrons in the outermost shell of a fluorine atom.
Fluorine is in period 2. Its electrons occupy two main shells. The second main shell is the outermost shell of F. There are two subshells in the second main shell:
- 2s, which holds up to two electrons, and
- 2p, which holds up to six electrons.
A 2s electron carries less energy than a 2p electron. By Aufbau principle, the seven electrons will fill the two spaces in 2s before moving on the 2p. Among the 7 outermost shell electrons, will end up going to 2p.
The only 2s orbital is filled with two electrons. The two 2s electrons will pair up with opposite spins, as seen with the two arrows. Two of the 2p orbitals will contain two electrons. Those electrons will also pair up. The third 2p orbital will contain only one electron. That electron can spin either or
. Here that electron is shown as an upward arrow.
