Answer:
<h2>destabilizing load:</h2>
The common definition of a destabilising load is if the load is free to move with the flange, it's a destabilising load. The stress due to the lateral bending of the flange is increased, which means the beam is closer to buckling than it would be without the additional moment.
<h2>normal load:</h2>
Something that is normal is usual and ordinary, and is what people expect.The leakage crack is a postulated crack that, under normal operating loads (pressure, weight, thermal expansion), will discharge a detectable amount of fluid.
The leak rates are calculated based on the flaw geometry, the applied loads, and the crack morphology. The crack opening displacement and crack morphology are typically based on two cases: (1) a fatigue-induced transgranular crack and (2) a corrosion-induced intergranular crack. The leak flow through a crack must be analyzed with the correct thermohydraulic model that captures, as the fluid progresses from the inner diameter (ID) to the outer diameter (OD), a subcooled phase (pressurized hot water) at the ID entrance into the crack, a steam formation phase somewhere between the ID and the OD, and then a two-phase flow region toward the OD, and discharge into the containment environment.
Answer:
to reduce the amount paid to suppliers. For example, a retailer with great buying power (Walmart, Amazon) can offer very small profit margins to suppliers as they have little alternative.Collusion between existing firms in an industry to exclude new firms from deals to prevent the market from becoming more competitive.Sticking to output quotas and higher prices.Collusive tendering. For example, ‘cover prices’ for competitive tendering in bidding for public construction contracts. This is when a rival firm agrees to set artificially high price to allow the firm of choice to win with a relatively high contract offer.Types of collusionFormal collusion – when firms make formal agreement to stick to high prices. This can involve the creation of a cartel. The most famous cartel is OPEC – an organisation concerned with setting prices for oil.Tacit collusion – where firms make informal agreements or collude without actually speaking to their rivals. This may be to avoid detection by government regulatorsPrice leadership. It is possible firms may try to unofficially collude by following the prices set by a market leader. This enables them to keep prices high, without ever meeting with rival firms. This kind of collusion is hard to prove whether it is unfair competition or just the natural operation of markets.Problems of collusionCollusion is seen as bad for consumers and economic welfare, and therefore collusion is mostly regulated by governments. Collusion can lead to:High prices for consumers. This leads to a decline in consumer surplus and allocative inefficiency (Price pushed up above marginal cost)New firms can be discouraged from entering the market by types of collusion which act as a barrier to entry.Easy profits from collusion can make firms lazy and avoid innovation and efforts to increase productivity.Industry gets the disadvantages of monopoly (higher price) but none of the advantages (e.g. economies of scale)Justification for collusionIn times of unprofitable business conditions, collusion may be a way to try and save the industry and prevent firms from going out of business, which wouldn’t be in the long-term consumer interest. Dairy suppliers tried to use this justification in 2002/03 after problems from foot and mouth disease led to a decline in farm incomes.Research and development. Profits from collusion could, in theory, be used to invest in research and development.Milk price by supermarkets 2002-03After a period of low milk, butter and cheese
Answer:
c). surface pressure and depth
Explanation:
We know that fluid pressure is measured in two different ways namely --
1. Pressure measured above complete vacuum or absolute zero is called Absolute Pressure.
2.Pressure measured above atmospheric pressure is called Gauge Pressure.
In the figure below, we can find the pressure at the point A in the static fluid inside the tank which is at a depth of h from the water surface.
Let the atmospheric pressure which is acting on the water surface be .
Let ρ be the density of water and g be the acceleration due to gravity.
Therefore we know that pressure at a point in a fluid is
P = ρgh
Therefore total pressure acting on the point A in a fluid is
= + P
= + ρgh
Thus, pressure at a point A in a static fluid depends on the surface pressure and the depth of the point from the free surface.
Answer:
Actual COP = 5.368
Maximum theoretical COP = 6.368
Explanation:
Given - An ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle operates with a condenser pressure of 900 kPa. The temperature at the inlet to the compressor is -5oC.
To find - If this device operates using R134a as the working fluid. Calculate the actual COP of this device as well as the maximum theoretical COP.
Proof -
Given that,
An ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle operates with a condenser pressure of 900 kPa.
From Refrigerant 134-a Table
At T1 = -5°C
h1 = 247.505 KJ/kg
S1 = 0.93434 KJ/kg
At P2 = 900 KPa
S1 = S2
h2 = 274.679 Kj/Kg
h3 = h4 = 101.61 KJ/g
So,
Compressor work (Wc) = h2 - h1
= 274.679 - 247.505
= 27.174
⇒Compressor work (Wc) = 27.174 KJ/kg
Now,
Heat out (Qout) = h2 - h3
= 274.679 - 101.61
= 173.069
⇒Heat out (Qout) = 173.069 KJ/kg
Now,
Heat input (Qin) = h1 - h4
= 274.505 - 101.61
= 145.895
⇒Heat input (Qin) = 145.895 KJ/kg
So,
Actual COP at the refrigerator is -
(COP)R = (Qin)/(Wc)
= (145.895)/ (27.174)
= 5.368
⇒Actual COP = 5.368
Now,
Maximum theoretical COP is -
(COP) = (Qout)/(Wc)
= (173.069)/ (27.174)
= 6.368
⇒Maximum theoretical COP = 6.368
GPS device details are given below.
Explanation:
Even a simple GPS unit has a wide range of settings and features. Because every unit’s operation varies, this article won’t provide step-by-step details. Read the owner's manual to familiarize yourself with it..
If you’d like additional help, you can also sign up for a GPS navigation class at an REI store.
Though steps vary, all GPS receivers do the following basic functions:
Display position: A GPS tells you where you are by displaying your coordinates; it also shows your position on its base map or topo map.
Record tracks: When tracking is turned on, a GPS automatically lays down digital bread crumbs, called “track points,” at regular intervals. You use those later to retrace your steps or to evaluate the path you traveled.
Navigate point-to-point: A GPS directs you by giving you the direction and distance to a location, or “waypoint.” You can pre-mark waypoints by entering their coordinates at home. In the field you can have the unit mark a waypoint at a place you'd like to return to, such as the trailhead or your campsite. A GPS unit provides the bearing and distance “as the crow flies” to a waypoint. Because trails don’t follow a straight line, the bearing changes as you hike. The distance to travel also changes (decreasing, unless you’re heading the wrong direction) as you approach your goal.
Display trip data: This odometer-like function tells you cumulative stats like how far you’ve come and how high you’ve climbed.
GPS and your computer: GPS units come with a powerful software program that lets you manage maps, plan routes, analyze trips and more. Invest the time to learn it and to practice using all of its capabilities.