Answer: Valence electrons
Valence electrons are those that are in the outermost or superficial layer of the atom, which means they have the highest energy compared to those of the inner layers.
Because of their position, it is easier for these electrons to interact with other atoms of their own element as well as different elements. This is done through the process of forming bonds when being attracted by other atoms.
Answer: A negatively-charged ion always has more electrons than protons
Explanation:
First, we know that the elementary negative charge is the electron, while the positive one is the proton. Such that both have the same charge in magnitude, but a different sign. Such that if we have the same number of electrons and protons in an atom, the charge of this atom will be neutral.
And an ion is an atom with a different number of electrons and protons, so the charge of the atom is not neutral.
Then if we have a negatively-charged ion, the charge of this atom is negative. Then we must have a larger number of electrons (the negative ones) than protons (the positive ones)
Then the correct option is:
A negatively-charged ion always has more electrons than protons
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