This is the encoding stage, the first stage when we receive external input for memory. This can come in the form of visual stimuli, acoustic stimuli and semantic meaning of the event, it is when the situation is going on and the brain/mind is making sense of it, if there is no such event there cannot be an experience to think about in the future. At least semantic meaning must be coupled with the stimuli as we have to ascribe a meaning to the situations we come across, and in some, if not most cases, the three forms are coupled to form the basis of memory.
The other stages are storage and retrieval. The storage stage is related to how long, how well and how a given event interacts with other events in one's life. The last stage is the retrieval stage which is when we try to remember a given stuation.
Generalizing from research, we can predict that the presence of others will INCREASE performance on well-learned tasks and DECREASE <span>performance on novel or challenging tasks.
in doing we're doing a well-learned task, our brain could complete it with less focus, so having the presence of others will give no trouble to our task.
But, in challenging tasks, our brain need more focus to complete it, so the presence of others will be more likely to cause nervousness that lead to a decrease in performance</span>
The environment often reflects or reinforces genetic differences; that is, certain genetic and environmental influences tend to act in the same direction. This tendency is called Genotype-environment correlation.
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Genotype-environment correlation</h3>
- When a person chooses surroundings based on traits that are impacted by genetics, genetic-environment correlation arises. For instance, highly intelligent students may choose classes that are harder, which broadens their knowledge even more.
- Research on environmental risk and protective factors has significant challenges because of the gene-environment interaction. Numerous studies in the social sciences have demonstrated that different surroundings are related to psychological characteristics, i.e., that exposure to a particular environment element is related to a particular behavior.
- These connections, however, do not imply that being exposed to that environment truly causes the feature. Every statistics curriculum in the social sciences teaches the fundamental principle that correlation does not inevitably imply causation.
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Neuro-correlational Approach: Links measures of cognitive performance with brain structure functioning.
What is the brain Maintenance theory?
At the heart of the term brain maintenance is the notion that between-person differences in how well preserved people's brains are as they age can explain between-person differences in within-person changes in cognitive ability in aging [8].
What is cognitive reserve?
Cognitive reserve refers to individual differences in how tasks are performed that may allow some people to be more resilient than others.
The concept of cognitive reserve holds out the promise of interventions that could slow cognitive aging or reduce the risk of dementia.
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