Ions have an extra or lost an electron. Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons.
First, recognize that this is an elimination reaction in which hydroxide must leave and a double bond must form in its place. It is likely an E2 reaction. Here is an efficient mechanism:
1) Pre-reaction: Protonate the -OH to make it a good leaving group, water. H2SO4 or any strong H+ donor works. The water is positively charged but still connected to the compound.
2) E2: Use a sterically hindered base, such as tert-butoxide (tButO-) to abstract the hydrogen from the secondary carbon. [You want a sterically hindered base because a strong, non-sterically hindered base could also abstract a hydrogen from one of the two methyl groups on the tertiary carbon, and that leads to unwanted products, which is not efficient]. As the proton of hydrogen is abstracted, water leaves at the same time, creating an intermediate tertiary carbocation, and the 2 electrons in the C-H bond immediately are used to make a double bond towards the partial positive charge.
In the products we see the major product and water, as expected. Even though you have an intermediate, remember that an E2 mechanism technically happens in one step after -OH protonation.
13.) would be cytoskeleton and number 16.) would be lysosomes
There are three different forms of potential energy. The rock hanging above the ground has a form of stored energy called gravitational potential energy. This form of energy is due to the downward pull of Earth's gravity. ... When you stretch a rubber band, the elastic potential energy of the rubber band increases.
Answer is: the number of ions produced in the dissociation of aluminium fluoride is 4.
<span>
Chemical dissociation of aluminium fluoride in
water:
AlF</span>₃(aq) →
Al³⁺(aq) + 3F⁻(aq).<span>
There are four ions, one aluminium cation and
three fluoride anions.
Aluminium has oxidation +3, because it lost
three electrons, to have electron configuration as noble gas neon and fluorine has oxidation -1, because it gain one electron to </span>have electron configuration as noble gas neon.
