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3 years ago

How is gamma radiation different from other types of electromagnetic radiation

1 answer:

5 0

The gamma radiation is one of the seven electromagnetic radiations. The other six are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, optical, ultraviolet and X-rays. The difference between them is the amount of energy found in the photons. The gamma rays have the significant energy in the photons from all other electromagnetic waves.It is also characterized with the shortest wavelengths.

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3 years ago

Describe two ways the material in this lesson

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Explanation:

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3 years ago

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3 years ago

At sea level water blank at 100 degrees celceius

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2 years ago

Effective nuclear charge, Zeff, is defined as:

Alborosie

Answer:

The effective nuclear charge for a valence electron in oxygen atom: $Z_{eff} = 4.55$

Explanation:

Effective nuclear charge $[Z_{eff}]$ is the net nuclear charge experienced by the electron in a given atom. It is always less than the actual charge of the nucleus [Z], due to shielding by electrons in the inner shells.

It is equal to the difference between the actual nuclear charge or the atomic number (Z) and the shielding constant (s).

$\Rightarrow Z_{eff} = Z - s$

For an oxygen atom-

Electron configuration: (1s²) (2s² 2p⁴)

The atomic number (actual nuclear charge): Z = 8

The shielding constant (s) for a valence electron can be calculated by using the Slater's rules:

⇒ s = 5 × 0.35 + 2 × 0.85 = 1.75 + 1.7 = 3.45

Therefore, the effective nuclear charge for a valence electron in oxygen atom is:

$Z_{eff} = Z - s = 8 - 3.45 = 4.55$

Therefore, the effective nuclear charge for a valence electron in oxygen atom: $Z_{eff} = 4.55$

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2 years ago