There are a few ways to do this- unfortunately different fields are better at it than others! Medical research is generally pretty good, some other fields likewise very good, some not as much.
Basically, though, what they do is use standadisation- they agree on the terminology, units of data, statistical measures, and so forth, that will be used in that scientific field. As much as possible, every scientist in the field uses those standards so everyone working in the field should recognise it.
For instance, in clinical trials, there is very good agreement worldwide on what the different metrics we use are- e.g. in cancer research, we usually want to know the 5-year survival rate (meaning the percentage of patients still alive 5 years after diagnosis). So anyone with the right training should be able to pick up a clinical trial report and understand what the results are and what the report is saying.
Answer:
1. 24375 N/C
2. 2925 V
Explanation:
d = 12 cm = 0.12 m
F = 3.9 x 10^-15 N
q = 1.6 x 10^-19 C
1. The relation between the electric field and the charge is given by
F = q E
So, 
E = 24375 N/C
2. The potential difference and the electric field is related by the given relation.
V = E x d
where, V be the potential difference, E be the electric field strength and d be the distance between the electrodes.
By substituting the values, we get
V = 24375 x 0.12 = 2925 Volt
<span>1/3
The key thing to remember about an elastic collision is that it preserves both momentum and kinetic energy. For this problem I will assume the more massive particle has a mass of 1 and that the initial velocities are 1 and -1. The ratio of the masses will be represented by the less massive particle and will have the value "r"
The equation for kinetic energy is
E = 1/2MV^2.
So the energy for the system prior to collision is
0.5r(-1)^2 + 0.5(1)^2 = 0.5r + 0.5
The energy after the collision is
0.5rv^2
Setting the two equations equal to each other
0.5r + 0.5 = 0.5rv^2
r + 1 = rv^2
(r + 1)/r = v^2
sqrt((r + 1)/r) = v
The momentum prior to collision is
-1r + 1
Momentum after collision is
rv
Setting the equations equal to each other
rv = -1r + 1
rv +1r = 1
r(v+1) = 1
Now we have 2 equations with 2 unknowns.
sqrt((r + 1)/r) = v
r(v+1) = 1
Substitute the value v in the 2nd equation with sqrt((r+1)/r) and solve for r.
r(sqrt((r + 1)/r)+1) = 1
r*sqrt((r + 1)/r) + r = 1
r*sqrt(1+1/r) + r = 1
r*sqrt(1+1/r) = 1 - r
r^2*(1+1/r) = 1 - 2r + r^2
r^2 + r = 1 - 2r + r^2
r = 1 - 2r
3r = 1
r = 1/3
So the less massive particle is 1/3 the mass of the more massive particle.</span>
The number converted is 
Explanation:
In order to convert from the original units to the final units, we have to keep in mind the following conversion factors:
The original unit that we have is
Therefore, it can be rewritten as:
Therefore, since the initial number was 0.779, the final value is
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