-- reduce the length of a wire to 1/2 . . . cut the resistance in half
-- reduce the diameter to 1/4 . . . reduce the cross-section area by (1/4²) . . . increase the resistance by 16x .
-- R2 = (R1) · (1/2) · (16) = 8 · R1
<em>-- R2 / R1 = 8</em>
It is called <em>refraction</em> and is caused the the clear surface bending the light to make it appear different colors or look like it is bent.